Cell Parts
Group 6: Lee Longley, Kathie Jiang, Cooper Schulz, Galia Shakked
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration


C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6
CO2 + 6 H2O +
Energy
Cellular respiration is
the process that
releases energy by
breaking down glucose
and other food
molecules in the
presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration



Does not require oxygen
Occurs in cytoplasm
Includes glycolysis and fermentation
Glycolysis



Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken
in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid and
a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Input: Glucose
Output: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates
Fermentation




Fermentation releases energy from food molecules
by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
Input: pyruvates
Output: ethyl alcohol/lactic acid, CO2,NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation:
 pyruvic

acid + NADH → Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
 pyruvic
acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+
Aerobic Respiration



Requires oxygen
Takes place in mitochondria
Includes Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) and Electron
Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)



During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down
into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting
reactions. It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.
Input: 2 pyruvates
Output: 4 CO2 , 2 ATP, some NADH, FADH
Electron Transport System (Chain)




The electron transport system uses the high-energy
electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to
ATP. It occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, and
produces the most ATP.
Net gain: 32 ATP
Input: 6O2
Output: 6H2O (including glycolysis [2 ATP] + Krebs
cycle [2 ATP]: 36 ATP)
Photosynthesis


Photosynthesis is the process of using the energy of
sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
high energy carbohydrates and oxygen.
Photosynthesis is only used by light dependent
plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is
their main source of energy.
Where Photosynthesis Occurs

Photosynthesis occurs in the cells chloroplasts. They
contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called
thylakoids. These are arranged in stacks called
grana and absorb water and the energy from the
sun to output oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The oxygen
is released from the cell, and the energy is then
used for the Calvin Cycle.
Calvin Cycle



After energy from the chloroplasts is made, it is then
used in the Calvin Cycle to produce high-energy
sugars. The ATP and NADPH is used to build highenergy compounds that can store more energy for a
longer period of time.
Input: 6CO2, 12 ATP, 12 NADPH
Output: Two 3-Carbon molecules
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis



A shortage of water can slow or stop photosynthesis
Photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function
best at temperatures between 0°C and 35°C
The intensity of light also affects the rate of
photosynthesis. A higher intensity increases the rate,
but eventually levels off at the plants maximum rate
of photosynthesis
Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Where
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
When
Presence of light
All the Time
Input
CO2, H2O
Glucose & O2
Output
Glucose & O2
CO2, H2O
Energy Source
Light
Chemical Bonds
Energy Result
Energy Stored
Energy Released
Animal or Plant?
Plants only
Both
Energy Storage

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main chemical
compound that stores and releases energy. It
consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate
groups
Adenine
Phosphate
Ribose
ATP and ADP Energy

To release energy, ATP breaks off one phosphate
group. ADP is ATP with one less phosphate group,
and has less energy than ATP. Cells only have
enough ATP for a few seconds of activity, as it
stores very little energy.
Question Time!
1. What is the principal pigment in
plants?
A.Chlorophyll
B.Chloroplasts
C.Chloroform
D.Biomass
2. Where do light-dependent reactions
occur?
A.Chloroplasts
B.Cell Wall
C.Chlorophyll
D.Cytoplasm
3. What are the inputs of the Calvin
Cycle?
A. ATP and NADPH
B. Sunlight
C. Oxygen
D. Ozone
4. What is a calorie?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 100 grams of water 50 degrees
Celsius.
Bad for your health.
A chemical compound that stores and releases
energy.
The amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
5. What are the inputs of Glycolysis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Pyruvic Acid
ATP
Glucose
Noodles
6. Which of the following is not a part
of a mitochondrion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Matrix
Cristae
Inner Membrane
Granum
7. Which of these doesn’t perform
cellular respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Polar bear
A ship
Turtles
Panda
8. The Krebs Cycle takes place in the…
A.
B.
C.
D.
Atmosphere
Matrix
Stove
Cristae
9. What makes the most ATP?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Electron Transport System
Monsters, Inc.
10. Which of the following is not an
example of fermentation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kimchi
Alcohol
Bread Yeast
Tomatoes
Answers!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A.
A.
A.
D.
C.
D.
B.
B.
C.
D.