Chapter 1: The Human Body: An
Orientation
Chapter 1 Objectives to be Assessed
1. Define anatomy and physiology and
explain how they are related.
2. List and describe the major characteristics
of life.
3. List and describe the major requirements
of organisms.
4. Define homeostasis and explain its
importance in survival.
5. Describe a homeostatic mechanism.
6. List the levels of organization in the human
body
Chapter 1 Objectives to be Assessed
7. Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
8. List the organs located in each major body cavity.
9. Name and identify the locations of the membranes
associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities.
10. Name the major organ systems and list the
organs associated with each.
11. Describe the general function of each organ
system.
12. Properly use the terms that describe relative
positions, body sections, and body regions.
Aids to Understanding Words
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appendcardihomeo-logymetaperi-stasis-tomy-
Definitions
• Anatomy-
• Physiology-
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Cardiovascular
system
Organism level
Human organisms
are made up of many
organ systems
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
– – – – -
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal
– – – – -
Organ System Overview
• Muscular
– – – -
Organ System Overview
• Nervous
– – -
– -
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine
– • • • -
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular
– •
•
•
•
-
Organ System Overview
• Lymphatic
– – – -
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory
– – -
Organ System Overview
• Digestive
– – – -
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
– – – -
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive
– -
Necessary Life Functions
• Movement
––-
• Responsiveness
–-
• Digestion
–-
Necessary Life Functions
• Metabolism- chemical reactions within the
body
––-
• Excretion
–-
Necessary Life Functions
• Reproduction
–-
• Growth
–-
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
–• Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
–-
Survival Needs
• Water
––-
• Stable body temperature
–-
• Atmospheric pressure
–-
Interactions Among Body Systems
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis– A dynamic state of equilibrium
• Homeostasis is necessary for normal body
functioning and to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance
–-
Maintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
– Receptor
• • -
Maintaining Homeostasis
– Control center
• • • -
– Effector
• -
Feedback mechanisms
• Negative feedback
– Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
––-
Feedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
––-
Anatomy Language
• Specific terms are used to avoid
misunderstandings
• Exact terms are used for:
–
–
–
–
Positions
Directions
Regions
Structures
Regional Terms
• Anterior body
landmarks
(See page 16
and 17)
Regional Terms
• Posterior body
landmarks
(See page 16
and 17)
Directional Terms (See page 15)
Directional Terms (See page 15)
Directional Terms (See page 15)
Body Planes and Sections
• A ________section divides the body (or
organ) into left and right parts
• A ______, or _________, section divides the
body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
• A ______ section divides the body (or organ)
into anterior and posterior parts
• A ________, or cross, section divides the
body (or organ) into superior and inferior
parts
Body Planes and Sections (See page 16
and 17)
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity
– ________ cavity houses the brain
– ________ cavity houses the spinal cord
• Ventral Cavity
– ______ cavity houses the heart, lungs, and others
– __________ cavity houses digestive and urniary
system organs
Body Cavities (See page 20)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants (See page 20)
Abdominopelvic Regions (See page 21)
Major Abdominopelvic Organs (See page
21)