Chapters
4,5,6
Primary Survey
Secondary Procedures
First Aid
Primary vs. Secondary
Assessment
 Primary



Assessment
Life-threatening
Conditions
Determine
Responsiveness
Check ABC’s
 Secondary


Assessment
You have ruled out LifeThreatening conditions
Begin HIT/HOPS
 History
 Inspection/Observation
 Airway
 Palpation
 Breathing
 S/Testing
 Circulation
Testing)
(Special
Primary Assessment
This is the first thing that needs to be
done when approaching a victim.
Once a life-threatening condition has
been ruled out, your evaluation can
continue.
 Airway



Partial Airway Obstruction
Universal Choking Sign
Total Airway Obstruction
 Breathing
 Circulation
SO YOUR ATHLETE IS
BLEEDING…
 External

Bleeding
Ways to control it:
Pressure
 Elevation (if
possible)
 Pressure Points
 Hemorrhage

 Direct

 If
More severe,
heavy flow of
bleeding
Emergency!
bleeding cannot
be controlled, 911
needs to be
called!!!
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
 Used
to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens.




Barrier Protection
Sharps Disposal
Infectious Control
Hand Washing
HIT/HOPS
 History

To gather information about the situation and
the injury
 Inspection/Observation

Visual examination of the body part
 Palpation

Examination of an injured area by touch to
determine the type of injury.
 (Special)

Testing
Includes MMT, ROM evaluation, neurological
testing and specific evaluations
HISTORY
Common Questions to Ask…









What happened?
How did it happen?
When did it happen?
Has this happened
before?
Where was the pain
initially?
Did you hear any
sounds/ feel any
sensations?
Were you able to
continue
participating?
How soon did it swell?
Does it feel unstable?






What relieves the pain?
How severe is the
pain?
What does the pain
feel like?
Are you experiencing
any numbness or
tingling?
Have you had any
treatment for this yet?
If so, what has been
done?
Have you injured this
body part before?
Vital Signs
 These
are taken
during a secondary
procedure. It
could be part of
the history or the
inspection.










Heart Rate (pulse)
Breathing Rate
(respirations)
Breath Sounds/Odor
Blood Pressure
Body Temperature
Skin Color
Capillary Refill
Pupillary Reaction
Ability to Move
Response to Pain
INSPECTION/OBSERVATION
 Inspect
surroundings for clues
 Look for obvious deformity, swelling and
discoloration
 Really observe the athlete



Watch how they are holding the body part
Watch them as they approach you
Have them walk/do a motion for you and
watch their reaction
PALPATION
 Examining
an injury through touch
 Compare bilaterally
 If something feels different, then you have
probably found your point of injury.
SPECIAL TESTING

Range of Motion
(ROM)




Compare Bilaterally
Grade Scale 0-5

Table 5.1 pg 46 in
book
Neurological Testing

Compare Bilaterally
Test all ROM at the
joint
Manual Muscle
Testing (MMT)




Can be tested
through sensation or
movement
Every body part is
linked to a specific
nerve
Special Testing

Specific tests for the
injury

Ex) Lachman’s ACL
test
SIGN vs. SYMPTOM

Sign




Symptom
Something that can
be
measured/observed
Something that the
Athletic Trainer can
see or test
Examples:

Vital Signs
 Sweating
 Breath Odor



Something that
cannot be
measured by the
caregiver.
Information is
something that only
the athlete will know
(what they feel)
Examples
Pain Level
 Nausea

WHAT IS SHOCK?
A
condition in which inadequate blood
and oxygen are supplied to vital organs.
 Inadequate blood supply to these organs
will result in shock (5 organs necessary for
life):





Brain
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Kidneys
WHY DO WE GO INTO SHOCK?
1.
2.
3.
Axial blood vessels dilate while
appendicular blood vessels constrict.
Heart Stops
Significant loss of blood
RECOGNIZING SHOCK
 SIGNS








Agitation
Rapid, weak pulse
Decreased BP (100mm
HG or lower systolic)
Cold, clammy skin
Sweating
Cyanosis
Increasing
unconsciousness
Pale skin tone
 SYMPTOMS




Nausea
Dizziness
Thirst
Anxiety
TYPES OF SHOCK
Table 5.2 pg 47 in book
 Psychogenic
 Septic
 Neurological
 Cardiogenic
 Hemorrhagic/Hypovolemic
 Metabolic
 Respiratory
 Anaphylactic
TREATING SHOCK
 Treat
the original injury
 Keep the athlete warm
 Elevate arms and legs 10-12in above
heart (as long as there is no fracture)
 Measure respirations and pulse every 5min
 Don’t give them anything to eat or drink
 If vomiting occurs, put them in recovery
position
 Get them to hospital ASAP!!
ASSESSING FRACTURES
 Check:



Capillary refill
Pulse
Sensation in extremity
 Do
not ask the athlete to use the body
part as it could cause further damage!
MANAGING FRACTURES
 Requires
immediate attention from a
Physician
 Splint the area whether the fracture is
obvious or not (if you suspect a fracture,
splint it)
 Once the athlete is splinted, they can be
moved and should be monitored for
signs/symptoms of shock
TYPES OF SPLINTS
 Types




of splints:
Traction Splint
Rigid Splint
Semi-rigid Splint
Soft Splint
PRICE
 Protection
 Rest
 Ice
 Compression
 Elevation
 Method
used to treat most injuries.
HEAT-RELATED PROBLEMS
 Hyperthermia
= an exceptional rise in
body temperature
 Heat
Cramps
 Heat Exhaustion
 Heat Stroke

Medical emergency, 911 needs to be
called
HOW TO PREVENT HEATRELATED ILLNESS
 Acclimatize
 Wear
lightweight
uniforms
 Frequent water
breaks
 Weigh in before
and after practice
 Check humidity
and temperature
 Avoid
saunas and
hot-tubs for
extended time
 Eat properly
 Get plenty of rest
 Replace fluids lost
after practice
 STAY HYDRATED
ALWAYS!!!!
COLD-RELATED PROBLEMS
 Hypothermia
=
subnormal body
temperature from
prolonged
exposure to damp
cold.

PREVENTION





 Frostbite


Dry, non-restrictive
clothing
Acclimatize
Layers
Avoid outdoors in
extreme cold
Cover head, mouth
and extremeties
Try to stay dry
Wind-resistant
clothing
FOR YOUR QUIZ
3
things you are looking for in a Primary
Assessment
 Universal Precautions
 Sign vs. Symptom
 Explain HOPS
 5 organs necessary to sustain life
 Types of shock
 Explain PRICE
 Prevention of Heat-related Illness