HONORS BIOLOGY CHAPTER 5 REVIEW #1 • Why is fluid mosaic a good description of the plasma membrane? • Structures shift in place • Watery hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic (fatty tails) #1 Why is the cell membrane called a phospholipid bilayer? Two layers of phospho heads and fatty acid tails #2 • • • • • • • Six functions of proteins in a plasma membrane: p.74 Attach to ECM Signal transduction Transport Intercellular junction Cell-cell recognition Enzymatic activity #3 • Can easily enter • Hydrophobic molecules (oil soluble): • O2, N2 (small) • Nonpolar: benzene • Very small uncharged or small polar molecules: H2O, Urea, glycerol, CO2 • Can NOT easily enter • Large uncharged Glucose,Sucrose • Polar molecules sucrose (see OH groups) • Hydrophilic • Ions (charged) H+ , Na+ , HCO3 , K+, Ca2+, Cl-, Mg2+ #4 • 3 types of passive transport • Diffusion-just passing of hi to low • Osmosis-passing of water thru a selectively permeable memb. • Facilitated – Hi to low through a protein channel #5 • What does it mean to go “down the gradient?” (passive) • Move from hi to low concentration • What does it mean to go “against the gradient?” (active transport) • Move from low to high (with energy-usually ATP) #6 • What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in: 10% 4% 0% #6 • What direction does the water flow if a cell of 4% solutes is placed in: • REMEMBER: HYPO TO HYPER 10% 4% 4% 0% #7 • What is tonicity? • Measure of osmotic pressure gradient determined by the solute concentration that cannot cross the selectively permeable membrane #7 • Note water flows from high water concentration to low (hypo to hyper) #8 Animal Cells p.77 #8 Plants #9 How does the contractile vacuole control water in a paramecium? Contractile vacuole youtube Water squeezed out of vacuole #10 p. 78 • What is an aquaporin? • Integral membrane proteins moving water • 3 billion more times than just moving through a regular plasma membrane #11 • Exocytosis and endocytosis are both active transport. Protein channels span the membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis engulf the particle with the membrane. #12 – Large Particle liquid drops receptors specific #13 • Ability to cause change or do work • L. energy • Thermal energy • O. heat 13 • Energy as a result of location or structure • I. potential • Type of energy released or need in molecules • N. chemical #13 • Study of energy transformations • M thermodynamics • Reaction that releases energy • E. exergonic #13 • Makes products rich in potential energy • G. Endergonic • Energy of motion • J. kinetic #13 • Measure of disorder • B. Entropy • Energy in the universe is constant • C.1st Law of Thermodynamics #13 • Energy from exergonic to run endergonic • K. Energy coupling • Total of an organism’s chemical reactions • F. metabolism #13 • Series of chemical reactions. • A. Metabolic pathway #13 • Energy conversions increase the entropy • D. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics • Cells use oxygen to release energy from molecules • H. Cellular respiration #14 • What does ATP stand for? • Adenosine triphosphate #15 • What part of the ATP molecule is lost or gained? • Last Phosphate • Is ATP recyclable? • YES #16 • Is ATP made by phosphorylation? • YES ADP + P = ATP ADP is made by hydrolysis. ATP = ADP + P #17 • Is ATP made from exergonic reactions or endergonic? • Endergonic #18 • What is activation energy? • Amount of energy needed to get a reaction going. • Why is this energy needed? • Reactants are stable and bonds need to be broken or distorted. #18 • How do enzymes affect the amount of activation energy needed? • Reduces the activation energy needed • Why? • Enzyme brings the reactants together. #19 • Why are enzymes called “Biological catalysts? • They are proteins (biological) and speed up reactions without changing themselves (catalyst). #20 • SKETCH HOW AN ENZYME WORKS: • Enzyme will bring substrate(s) together and contort bonds at the active site products #21 • What is the purpose of the “induced fit” (hand shake) of an enzyme-substrate complex? • The enzyme slightly changes the shape of the active site to contort/break substrate bonds. #22 • Why might too high temperatures make an enzyme not function properly? • Denature (unravel) the enzyme and change the shape of the active site. #23 • What is the optimal temperature for most human enzymes? • 35-40o C • (body temp is 37oC) • What is the optimal pH for most enzymes? • 6-8 #24 • What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes? • Cofactors are inorganic and coenzymes are organic. #25 • Sketch an enzyme with a competitive inhibitor. #26 • Sketch an enzyme and its substrate with a noncompetitive inhibitor. #27 • What is an allosteric site? • A site a substrate binds to other than the active site (an alters the shape of the protein’s active site) enzyme Allosteric site #28 • Feedback inhibition • What is it (negative called if a cell feedback) produces more product than it needs and the product act as an inhibitor? #29 MATCH • Inhibits prostanglandins (sensation of pain) • Blocks bact. Cell walls • Blood pressure meds • Target HIV Ibuprofen Penicillin Beta blockers Protease inhibitors #30 #31 • • • • • • • LABEL THE PLASMA MEMBRANE: Phospho head A1 Cholesterol E Lipid tail A2 Protein pump G Carbohydrate chain D Glycolipid F #31 • Peripheral protein • Glycoprotein • Phospholipid • Receptor protein • Passive transport protein • H • I • A • B • C 32. • If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water. • • • • • • 1M 0.8 M 0.6 M 0.4 M 0.2 M 0.0 M 32. movement of water • If given the concentrations in and out of dialysis tubing of sucrose solutions predict movement of distilled water. • • • • • • 1M 0.8 M 0.6 M 0.4 M 0.2 M 0.0 M in tube in tube in tube in tube in tube in/out What is the molarity of the potato core? (where line crosses zero line) 0.3M