Las teorías de la
conspiración
Unos cuentos misteriosos
Funciones
 Describir un cuento o una teoría de una
conspiración.
 Explicar lo que piensan personas sobre la
conspiración.
 Presentar información sobre la teoría y qué
piensan Ustedes.
Estructuras
Cognates
Por and Para
Irregular Present tense verbs
The Subjunctive
Structure: Los cognados
 English and Spanish Cognates are words in both
languages that share the same Latin root and
which are very similar.
 It is important to bear in mind that these cognates
do not always translate from one language to
another precisely.
 These cognates appear mainly in NOUNS,
ADJECTIVES, VERBS, ADVERBS.
Los cognados: Nouns I
 English nouns and Spanish nouns ending in '-or' are very often
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identical.
Actor
color
doctor
director
horror
English nouns and Spanish nouns ending in '-al' are very
common identical.
General
hospital
manual
moral
animal
Many English nouns ending with '-ist', can be converted into
Spanish nouns by changing to '-ista'.
Artista
egoísta
lista
socialista
turista
English nouns ending with '-y' often correspond to Spanish
nouns ending with '-ía', '-ia', or '-io'.
Agencia
agonía
batería
familia
historia
urgencia
salario
testimonio diccionario
Los cognados: Nouns II
 Many English nouns ending with '-ism', can be converted
into Spanish nouns by changing to '-ismo'.
 Idealismo despotismo mecanismo organismo optimismo
 Many English nouns ending with '-nce', can be converted
into Spanish nouns by changing to '-ncia'.
 Abundancia
arrogancia
experiencia paciencia
 Many English nouns ending with '-ty', can be converted
into Spanish nouns by changing to '-dad'.
 Actividad curiosidad
electricidad
identidad
 Many English nouns ending with '-tion', can be converted
into Spanish
nouns by changing to '-ción'.
Asociación combinación condición
exempción
Los cognados: Adjectives
 Like nouns, many English adjectives can be converted into
Spanish simply by changing the word ending. Here are some
useful rules.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
-ive → ivo
-al = -al
-ous → -oso
-ic → -ico
-ble = -ble
-nt → -nte
-id → -ido
-ile → -il
-ary → -ario
ACTIVE  ACTIVO
CRIMINAL  CRIMINAL
DELICIOUS  DELICIOSO
FANTASTIC  FANTÁSTICO
TERRIBLE  TERRIBLE
IMPORTANT  IMPORTANTE
STUPID  ESTÚPIDO
FRAGILE  FRÁGIL
ORDINARY  ORDINARIO
Los cognados: Verbs
 Almost every English verb ending in '-ate' can be
coverted into a Spanish infinitive by replacing the
final '-ate' with '-ar'.
 Operate = operar
Participate = participar
 Many English verbs ending in VOWEL +
CONSONANT + T can be converted into Spanish
verbs by adding '-ar' or '-ir' to the end of the English
verb.
present = presentar
represent = representar
comment = comentar
insult = insultar
Los cognados: Verbs II
 Many English infinitive verbs ending VOWEL +
CONSONANT + E can be converted into Spanish
infinitive verbs by dropping the final E and adding '-
ar'.
 Excuse = excusar admire = admirar adore =adorar
 Almost every English infinitive verb ending with '-
ify' can be converted into a Spanish verb by
replacing the final '-ify' with '-ificar'.
Justify = justificar
pacify = pacificar
verify = verificar
Los cognados: Adverbs
 In English, "-ly" combines with many adjectives to
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form adverbs.
In Spanish, "-mente" combines with (feminine)
adjectives to form Spanish adverbs.
Absolutely
absolutamente
Normally
normalmente
Naturally
naturalmente
Finally
finalmente
correctly
correctamente
exactly
exactamente
evidently
evidentemente
Difficultly
difícilmente
Structure: Uses of POR and PARA
 “Por” and “para” are very confusing because they both mean
“for.”
Uses of POR
1. In exchange for: Ill pay you for the toy.
2. Duration of time: I studied for 3 hours.
3. Rate: He charges $70 an hour! (for one hour).
4. Movement through space: …through the forest.
5. Motive/reason: I sang for my parents.
6. By means of: We travel by car.
7. Taking the place of: He is playing for me.
8. Before an infinitive meaning “because of ” or “by”:
 By practicing often, they learned a lot.
 By arriving early…
Structure: Uses of POR and PARA
 “Por” and “para” are very confusing because they both mean
“for.”
Uses of PARA
1. Destination: I am leaving for Florida.
2. Intended for (recipient): It’s for you.
3. Deadline: Send it in by tomorrow.
4. Purpose/use: The gun is for protection.
5. Exception: She is strong for a woman.
6. Before an infinitive meaning “in order to”: In order to win,
you have to play.
7. Viewpoint: For me, this is the best school.

There are some verbs in Spanish where the “for” is built in:
BUSCAR, ESPERAR, PEDIR, etc.
Structure: Irregular Verbs in the Present tense
CABER (to fit) quepo/cabes/cabe/cabemos/caben
CONSTRUIR (to construct)construyo/construyes/construye/construimos/construyen
COGER (to grab)SABER(to know)TENER(to have)-
cojo / coges / coge / cogemos / cogen
sé / sabes / sabe / sabemos / saben
tengo / tienes / tiene / tenemos / tienen
VER (to see)CAER (to fall)-
veo / ves / ve / vemos / ven
caigo / caes / cae / caemos / caen
DAR (to give)doy / das / da / damos / dan
HACER(to do/to make)hago / haces / hace /hacemos / hacen
TRADUCIR (to translate)traduzco/traduces/traduce/traducimos/traducen
Structure: Irregular Verbs in the Present tense
PONER (to put/to set)TRAER(to bring)-
pongo / pones / pone / ponemos / ponen
traigo / traes / trae / traemos / traen
SALIR (to leave)VENIR (to come)DECIR (to say/tell)-
salgo / sales / sale / salimos / salen
vengo / vienes / viene / venimos / vienen
digo / dices / dice / decimos / dicen
OIR (to hear)SEGUIR (to follow)-
oigo / oyes / oye / oímos / oyen
sigo / sigues / sigue / seguimos /
siguen
VALER (to be worth)valgo / vales / vale / valemos /
valen
CONOCER (to know)conozco / conoces / conoce / conocemos / conocen
Structure: The Subjunctive
The Subjunctive mood is used for a variety of things in the
Spanish language such as talking about something that is wished
for or something that may not be true (i.e. expressing doubt)
For example, “I hope she calls” or “I doubt he will come.”
Forming the Subjunctive:
1. Regular verbs

Drop the AR and add the opposite ending: AR- e, es, e, emos,
en ER/IR- a, as, a, amos, an
2. Examples:
 Casar- Case, cases, case, casemos, casen
 Comer- Coma, comas, coma, comamos, coman
 Vivir- Viva, vivas, vivamos, vivan
Structure: Stem-changing verbs in the Subjunctive
 Stem changing verbs in the subjunctive operate the same
The stem change only takes place within the first, second
and third person singular and also in the third person
plural, making them “boot” verbs.
 In other words, only the yo, tu, el/ella/usted, and ustedes forms
are changed in the subjunctive of stem-changing verbs.
 Just as in regular subjunctive forms, the ending also changes in the
word.
Examples:
CERRAR- Cierre, cierres, cierre, cerremos, cierren
2. CONTAR-Cuente,cuentes,cuente,contemos,cuenten
1.
3.
IR verbs in the subjunctive are different. The stem change still occurs in the
same places, but the first person plural (nosotros) also changes.
1.
2.
SENTIR- sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sientan
DORMIR- duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, duerman.
Structure: Irregular verbs in the Subjunctive
Mood
 Irregular verbs in the subjunctive are the same as they
were in the 1st person of the present tense.
 CABER- quepa, quepas, quepa, quepamos, quepan
 CAER- caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigan
 DECIR- diga, digas, diga, digamos, digan
 HACER- haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagan
 PONER- ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongan
 SALIR- salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgan
 TENER- tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengan
 VALER- valga, valgas, valga, valgamos, valgan
 VENIR- venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengan
 VER- vea, veas, vea, veamos, vean
Structure: Spelling-changing verbs in the
Subjunctive
Just as in the present tense, the Subjunctive has
a number of verbs that have spelling changes to
help the pronunciation sound found in the
infinitive.
Found in verbs with endings CAR, CER/CIR, GAR,
GER/GIR, and ZAR
Ending changes
Car- que Sacar- saque, saques…
Cer/Cir- zca Conocer- conozca, conozcas…
Gar- gue Pagar- pague, pagues…
Ger/Gir- ja Escoger- escoja, escojas…
Zar- ce Rezar-Rece, reces…
Structure: Super-irregular verbs in the
Subjunctive
There are six verbs that do not follow the 1st person
spelling rule of the present tense
Dar, estar, haber, ir, saber, and ser.
Dar- dé, des, dé, demos, den
Estar- esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén
Haber- haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan
Ir- vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan
Saber- sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan
Ser- sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean