Mon 10/7
• New grades posted – has Chp.3 Test and
INB Check
• If you want to re-take Chp.3 Test to
improve your grade you may come in after
school any day till next Monday (10/14/13)
• If you were absent Friday, you need to
leave your notebook with me at the end of
class for a notebook check.
Pg.51
• Title page for Chp. 4
– Title of Chp.4
– 3 pictures about the chapter
– 3 key words
– 3 colors
Pg 50
• Glue in INB Check 4 for your records
In: pg.52
Watch the movie clip and create a timeline
of 5 important events in the discovery of
cells.
Pg.53
Set Up Cornell Notes
–
Cell Structure and Function
Title them: Chp.4
What is a cell?
• A cell is the basic unit of living things.
– All living things are made of one or more cells.
• Cells may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
– Prokaryotic cells make up bacteria.
– Eukaryotic cells make up all other living
things.
What is the Cell Theory?
1. All living things are made of one or more
cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in an organism
3. Cells come from the reproduction of
existing cells.
How big is a cell?
• Cells Alive! How Big is a Cell?
• Most cells are between 1 and 100 μm (10-6
or 1/ 1,000,000 m)
• Eukaryotic Cells are larger than
prokaryotic cells
Limits to Cell Size
• As a cell grows, its surface area
to volume ratio decreases
• This means the cell has more
volume that needs to get oxygen,
food, get rid of waste but less SA
to do it over (in proportion)
Unicellular vs Multicellular organisms
• Organisms may be unicellular(single cell) or
multicellular (made of many cells).
• Multicellular organism’s cells are organized
into levels.
• Levels of organization in multicellular
organisms:
– Cell
– Tissue
– Organ
– Organ system
– Organism
2 types of Cells:
1. Prokaryotic = have no nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles
Ex – Bacteria
2. Eukaryotic = have a nucleus & membranebound organelles
Ex – Plant & Animal Cells
What do eukaryotic cells look like?
• All eukaryotic cells have:
– a cell membrane
– cytoplasm (jelly-like substance that fills the cell)
– organelles (little organs) including a nucleus.
• However, plant and animal cells can have
different types of organelles.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes and Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton
Cilia and Flagella
Finish Cornell Notes
• Write 3 questions in left column
• Write 3-sentence summary
Pg.54-55 Chp.4 - 3 Column Vocab
1.Cell
2.Cell theory
3.Prokaryote
4.Eukaryote
5.Organelles
6.Tissue
7.Organ
8.Organ system =
a collection of organs
that work together
DUE FRIDAY!!!!!
Homework
• 3 column vocab  DUE FRIDAY!
Out – pg.52
Arrange the following in order from smallest
to largest:
• Organelle
• Organ system
• Atom
• Organism
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Molecule
Tues 10/8 & Wed 10/9
• Lab Thursday – dress appropriately!
• Chp.3 Test Retakes available before or
after school till MONDAY!!!
– Come in to improve your grade 
In: pg.56
The word organelle literally translates as “little
organ”.
Why do you think this is an appropriate
name for these structures?
Pg.57 ~ Organelle Chart
• Glue in the Organelle Chart.
• Fill it in using your notes & textbook Chp.4!!!!
Organelle Chart
Animal and Plant Cell
Organelle
Function
1. Cell membrane
2. Chromosomes
3. Cytoplasm
4. Cytoskeleton
5. Nucleus
6. Nuclear envelope
7. Nucleolus
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum
9. Ribosomes
10. Mitochondria
11. Golgi body
12. Cilia and flagella
13. Lysosome
Plant Cell Only
14. Chloroplast
15. Central vacuole
16. Cell Wall
Picture-Color it!
Pg.58
Pg.59
• Glue in animal cell
diagram, color code the
organelles, use book
pg.74 to help
• Glue in plant cell,
color code the
organelles, use
book pg.87 to help
• Animal Cell Questions
1-9
• Answer Plant Cell
Questions 1-4
Homework
• Finish animal and plant cell questions
• Reminders – Lab tomorrow!
–Vocab Due FRIDAY!!!
Out – pg.56
Create a double bubble comparing plant and animal cells
Differences
Similarities
Plant
cell
Differences
Animal
cell
Thur 10/10
• Lab “How Big is too Big?
• Reminders:
***Chp.4 Vocab is due tomorrow!!!
***MONDAY is the last day to make up
the Chp.3 Test before or after school!!!!!
IN: pg.60
Why can’t
organisms be
one big giant
cell?
Why are cells small?
Efficiency: smaller
cells have larger surface
area
Specialization:
Having numerous
small cells permits
specialization
Pg.61 Cell Size: Surface Area to Volume Ratio
Length
width
Materials:
•
•
•
2-gelatin cubes (1cm and 2.5cm)
1-beaker (50ml)
Calculators
height
Procedure:
1. Measure each cube and record measurements in data
table (done for you). Calculate the surface area,
volume and surface area/volume ratio.
2. Place the cubes into the empty beaker and fill with
enough Vinegar (acid) to cover the cubes.
3. Wait 15-20 minutes and then carefully remove the
cubes using a spoon. Place the cubes on a paper
Wait! towel and cut in half.
4. Observe how much of the Vinegar(nutrients) diffused
into each cell (clear) and how much of the cell
did not receive nutrients (still pink).
5. Record your observations.
Pg.54-55 Chp.4 - 3 Column Vocab
1.Cell
2.Cell theory
3.Prokaryote
4.Eukaryote
5.Organelles
6.Tissue
7.Organ
8.Organ system =
a collection of organs
that work together
DUE TOMORROW!!!!!
How to increase surface area with
increasing size?
• Organisms develop
adaptations to their
environments
• Increase surface
area
– Cells flatten
– Microvilli
– Branching roots
Microvilli in the small intestine
Increased Absorption
of Nutrients
Alveoli in the lungs
Increase Exchange
of Gases
Jackrabbit vs. Arctic Hare
Temperature
Regulation
Large surface area
vs
Small surface area
Homework
1. Complete Lab analysis questions
2. Chp.4 Vocab DUE TOMORROW!!!
OUT – pg.60
Explain in your own words
why cells need to be small.
Fri 10/11
• Chp.4 Notebook Check will be next
Wednesday!!!!
• Chp.4 Test will be next Thursday!
In: Pg.62
We use microscopes to see things that are
too small to be viewed with the naked eye.
What is another instrument scientists
use to “see” things that we normally
couldn’t view?
Pg.63
• Glue in & Answer the Microscopy
Questions as we do the PPT.
• Glue as a flip or fold over
***you will need the notebook page underneath
Microscopy
What is a microscope?
• A scientific tool
that helps scientists
see things that
cannot normally be
seen with the
“naked” eye.
History
• Hans and Zacharias Janssens-1590, Dutch
Eyeglass Makers, Inventors
– Early microscope was composed of a tube with
lenses at both ends
– Magnification ranged from 3X to 9X
History
• Robert Hooke- 1635-1703,
English Chemist,
Mathematician, Physicist,
and Inventor
– Improved the compound
light microscope and
observed cork (bark of an oak
tree) and coined the term
cells. They resembled cells,
which are rooms in
monasteries.
History
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek1632-1723, Wine Assayer,
Surveyor, Cloth Merchant,
Minor Public Official, and
Inventor
– Made the best one-lens
microscope of his time.
– He observed bacteria from
teeth scrapings and protozoa
from pond water. He called
them “weebeasties” and
“animalcules.”
Types of Microscopes
1. Compound Light Microscopes (like what we use
in class)-uses 2 or more lenses to magnify objects.
– Max magnification 1500X.
2. Electron Microscopes - uses a beam of electrons to
image a specimen.
Scanning EM(SEM)
– Surface
– Magnification 60,000X
Transmission EM(TEM)
– Inside
– Magnification 100,000 X +
EM Pictures
Which is SEM and which is TEM?
Body Tube
Eyepiece
Revolving
Nosepiece
Low Power
Objective
Medium Power
Objective
Arm
Stage Clip
High Power
Objective
Course Adjustment
Knob
Stage
Diaphragm
Light Source
Fine Adjustment
Knob
Base
Parts of a light microscope
• Arm-Supports the body tube
• Body tube- Maintains proper distance between
eye piece and objectives.
• Stage-Supports the slide being viewed.
• Diaphragm- Regulates the amount of light
entering the body tube.
• Fine adjustment knob- Moves the slide slightly
to sharpen the focus.
• Coarse adjustment knob- Moves the slide
more for initial focusing.
• Base-Supports the microscope.
• Light source- Produces light to shine through
slide.
• Stage clips- Holds the slide in position.
• Low power objective- Shortest objective.
Provides a magnification of 4X.
• Medium power objective- Provides a
magnification of 10X.
• High power objective- Longest objective.
Provides a magnification of 40X.
• Revolving nose piece- Holds the objectives.
• Eye piece- Provides a magnification of 10X.
Using a Microscope
• Always carry the microscope by the arm and the base.
• To calculate magnification, multiply the eyepiece
magnification by the objective magnification.
• Always make sure the stage is all the way down when
focusing and slowly bring the stage up.
• When on low power, use the course adjustment knob (the
big knob)
• When on medium and high power, use the fine adjustment
knob (the little knob) ONLY!!!
• NEVER use the course adjustment knob
on medium or high power!!! Why? You are so close
to the slide that you will run into it with the objective!!
• When you are finished with the microscope, wrap the cord
around the base and put the lowest objective down. Make
sure the stage is all the way down.
How to Draw a Diagram from a
Microscope
Drawing the Diagram
1. If it is not already provided, draw your “field of view”
-This is the circle that you see when you look through the microscope
2.
Draw exactly what you see
-make sure it’s not a water spot or air bubble!!!
3.
4.
Add color exactly like the colors you observe in the specimen.
Mark the diagram with the specimen name and magnification.
Labels
5. Printed neatly
6. Horizontal to the upper edge of the paper
7. Lines connecting labels to the diagram should be straight.
Pseudopod
Food vacuole
Ameoba
400X
Pg.63 (under the paper)
Microscope Diagram
• Glue in microscope diagram on pg.63 of
INB
• Label all the parts
– There is a picture of a microscope on pg.1070 of
your textbook
• write the function of each of the parts
you labeled
Homework
• Finish Microscope Diagram & functions
Out – pg.62
• Why is von Leewenhoek called
the “Father of the Microscope”?
Mon 10/14
***NEW GRADES ON WINDOW (w/quiz)
***Chp.4 Test will be Thursday!
***Chp.4 Notebook Check will be Wednesday!!!
• Microscope Lab – Comparing Prokaryotic,
Plant, & Animal Cells
In: pg.64
• Use textbook pg.75 to fill out the following
chart:
Prokaryote
1.
2.
3.
Eukaryote
Bacteria
(prokaryotes)
Animal Cells
(eukaryotes)
Plant cells
(eukaryotes)
Pg.65
• Bacteria, Plant and Animal Cell
Observation Lab
– Glue in and complete
Homework
• Finish lab analysis questions
Out – pg.64
You are given a “mystery cell” on a
microscope slide.
How would you go about deciding if it
was a bacteria cell, a plant cell or an
animal cell?
Tues 10/15
• INB Check is TOMORROW!!!!
• Chp.4 Test is Thursday
Chp.4 Study Guide
• After  prepare notebook for check
tomorrow
Homework
• Complete study guide – due on test day,
which is THURSDAY!
• Prepare Notebook for check tomorrow!
Wed 10/16
• INB Check
• Set up Osmosis Lab
Thur 10/17
• Chp.4 Cells Test
• Gather Lab Data, finish lab
analysis/conclusion questions