The English Civil War
— Sharon Ding & Cherry Meng
• 1215 Magna Carta
Magna Carta is a charter
written by King John of
England.
Part of Magna Carta
It is one of the most important
symbols on the way to
democracy.
•1348 The Black Death
The Black Death arrived in
England in 1348.
It was one of the most devastating
pandemics.
The Black Death is estimated to
have killed 30-60%of European.
•1529 Henry VIII severed ties with
the Church
King Henry VIII severed ties with
Catholic Church and declared himself
head of church in England.
The fees for probate and mortuary
were limited.
The process for dealing with
murderers and felons who looked for
sanctuary were made more severe.
•1603-1625 James I Rules
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James I was the king of Scotland
as James VI , the king of England
and King of Ireland as James I.
When he was ruling, James I tried
to find new sources of money
without consulting parliament.
The rule of James I was important
because it was the first time
England and Scotland agreed to
have the same monarch.
James I
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James I often fought with Parliament when he was a
King.
James I believed in divine Right of Kings. He didn't
allow ordinary people to question his decisions and fully
intended to keep his God-given rights. This made him
too much like a tyrant.
James I combined with the Church of England and he
dislike the Puritans.
•1625 King Charles I
married
King Charles I married
Henrietta Maria, the
daughter of Henry IV.
This marriage was not
popular because Henrietta
Maria was a Catholic.
Henrietta Maria
• 1625-1628 Charles I Rules
without Parliament
Charles I believed in Divine Right of Kings
and he didn't want to compromise with
Parliament.
When Parliament refused Charles I
increased taxes on the people, Charles I
dissolved Parliament after only 3 weeks.
The personal rule of Charles I was known
as the Eleven Years' Tyranny.
Charles I
Charles I brought back an ancient fee called ship money and
collected customs fees known as tun age and poundage.
Charles I billeted his soldiers with homeowners and sold noble
titles to anyone who support him or lend him money.
Charles I also use his secret Court of Star Chamber to
convict, imprison, and fine his enemies.
•1628 Charles I Recalls
Parliament
Charles I recalled Parliament when he needed more money.
Charles I hoped that this time it would be more agreeable, but his
hope were dashed.
Parliament told Charles I they
would grant no money until the king
seized his illegal activities and until
he signed a new charter called"
Petition of rights".
•1628 Petition of Rights
The Petition of Right is a major
English constitutional
document.
It is written by Sir Edward
Coke.
Petition of Rights
This reminded Charles I that
the law gave English people
their rights, not the king. The
king was not above the law.
•1639 Bishops' Wars
Bishops' Wars were the
conflicts, both military and
political, and it occurred in
1639 and 1640.
Bishops' Wars were fought
between Charles I and Scots.
This constituted a long political problem among England, Scotland,
and Ireland.
•1640 The Short Parliament
The Short Parliament was a
Parliament of England that sat from
13th April to 5th May, 1640 during
the region of King Charles I of
England.
After 11 years of attempting
Personal Rule (1629-1640) ,
Charles recall Parliament in 1640 on
the advice of Lord Wentworth,
recently created Earl of Strafford.
John Hampden in the Short Parliament
Charles was forced to call the Short Parliament primarily
to obtain money to finance his military struggle with
Scotland in the Bishops’ Wars.
However, the new parliament had greater interest in
redressing perceived grievances occasioned by the royal
administration then in voting the king funds to pursue his
war against the Scottish Covenanters.
King Charles I of England refused the new parliament,
so he dissolved the Parliament after only three weeks’
sitting (5th May, 1640).
•1640-1653 The Long
Parliament
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The long Parliament of England, was set from 3rd November,
1640 to 20th April, 1653 after the fiasco of the Short
Parliament followed its 12 years abeyance. The Long
Parliament was established to pass financial bills.
It received its name from the fact that through an Act of
Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the
members, and those members did not agree to its dissolution
until after the English Civil War and at the end of Interregnum
in 1660.
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Following the death of Oliver Cromwell
in 1658, General George Monck
allowed the members barred in 1648 to
retake their seats, so that they could
pass the necessary legislation to allow
the Restoration and dissolve the Long
Parliament.
This cleared the way for a new
Parliament to be elected, which was
known as the Convention Parliament.
But many of these original members of
Long Parliament, such as were barred
from the final acts of the Long
Parliament, claimed that the Long
Parliament was never legally dissolved.
•1642-1649 The Civil
War
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The English Civil War was a series of wars within
England between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
The First ( 1642-46 ) and Second ( 1548-49 )
Civil Wars pitted the supporters of King Charles
I against the supporters of the Long Parliament,
while the Third (1649–51) Civil Wars was fighting
between supporters of King Charles II and
supporters of the Rump Parliament.
The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at
the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
•1642-1653 Pride's Purge & Rump
Parliament
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The New Model Army wanted to prevent the
Treaty of Newport from reinstating King
Charles I. Thomas Fairfax organized a military
coup in 1648 by issuing a command to
Commissary General Ireton. Ireton intended to
dissolve the Long Parliament but was persuaded
to purge it instead. He then ordered Colonel
Thomas Pride to stop the signing of the Treaty
of Newport. Pride prevented 231 known
supporters of the treaty from entering the
House and imprisoned 45 of them. The
remaining free members then became the Rump
Parliament.
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The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after
Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December,
1648.
After the purge of 1648, the Rump Parliament consisted of
around eighty Parliament Members. Supported by the New
Model Army, the Rump declared itself “ the supreme power
in this nation” on 4 January, 1649 with authority to pass
Acts of Parliament without the consent of the King or the
House of Lords. One of its first actions was to set up the
High Court of Justice, specially convened for the trial of
King Charles I.
•1649 Trial of Charles I
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The trial began on 20 January 1649 in Westminster Hall, with a moment of high
drama.
When given the opportunity to speak, Charles refused to enter a plea, claiming
that no court had jurisdiction over a monarch. He believed that his own authority
to rule had been Divine right of kings, given to him by God and by the traditions
and laws of England. Charles insisted that the trial was illegal, explaining, "No
learned lawyer will affirm that an impeachment can lie against the King... one of
their maxims is, that the King can do no wrong.” Charles asked "I would know by
what power I am called hither. I would know by what authority, I mean lawful".
Charles maintained that the House of Commons on its own could not try
anybody, and so he refused to plead.
Charles I was accused of being a ‘ tyrant, traitor and murderer; and a public and
implacable enemy to the Commonwealth of England’.
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The King was declared guilty at a
public session on Saturday 27
January 1649 and sentenced to
death. To show their agreement with
the sentence, all of the 67
Commissioners who were present
rose to their feet. During the rest of
that day and on the following day,
signatures were collected for his
death warrant. This was eventually
signed by 59 of the Commissioners,
including two who had not been
present when the sentence was
passed.
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King Charles was beheaded in front of the Banqueting
House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649. He
declared that he had desired the liberty and freedom of the
people as much as any;
but I must tell you that their liberty and freedom consists in
having government.... It is not their having a share in the
government; that is nothing appertaining unto them. A
subject and a sovereign are clean different things.
•1653-1658 Lord Protector:
Cromwell
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Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3
September 1658) was an English military and
political leader and later Lord Protector of
the Commonwealth of England, Scotland
and Ireland.
He was elected Member of Parliament for
Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the
Short (1640) and Long (1640–49) Parliaments.
He entered the English Civil War on the side
of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians.
Nicknamed "Old Ironsides", he was quickly
promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to
become one of the principal commanders of the
New Model Army, playing an important role in
the defeat of the royalist forces.
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Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in
1649, and, as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649–53), he dominated
the short-lived Commonwealth of England. He was selected to take
command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–50.
Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in
Ireland and occupied the country – bringing to an end of the Irish
Confederate Wars.
Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and
1651.
On 20 April 1653 he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a
short-lived nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament, before
being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England,
Wales, Scotland and Ireland from 16 December 1653. As a ruler he
executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. After his death from
natural causes in 1658 he was buried in Westminster Abbey, but after the
Royalists returned to power in 1660 they had his corpse dug up, hung in
chains, and beheaded.
•1660- 1685 The Restoration
Under Charles II
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The Restoration of the English monarchy
began in 1660 when the English, Scottish
and Irish monarchies were all restored under
Charles II after the Interregnum that followed
the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
The term Restoration is used to describe
both the actual event by which the monarchy
was restored, and the period of several years
afterwards in which a new political settlement
was established.
It is very often used to cover the whole reign
of Charles II (1660–1685) and often the
brief reign of his younger brother James II
(1685-1688).
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On 4 April 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, in
which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the
crown of England.
Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the
first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles
II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I on
30 January 1649.
"Constitutionally, it was as if the last nineteen years had never
happened.” Charles returned from exile, leaving The Hague on
23 May and landing at Dover on 25 May. He entered London
on 29 May, his birthday. To celebrate his Majesty's Return to his
Parliament", 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known
as Oak Apple Day.
He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.
•1666 Great Fire of
London
Great Fire of London was a
major conflagration that
swept through the central
parts of English City.
It started on September
2nd and ended on
September 5th.
•1673 Test Art
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The Test Acts were a series of English
laws that served as a religious test for
public office.
The principle was that none but persons
professing the Established Church were
eligible for public employment, and the
severe penalties pronounced against
recusants, whether Roman Catholic or
Nonconformist.
In practice nonconformists were often
exempted from some of these laws through
the regular passage of Acts of Indemnity.
•1685-1688 James II
Rules
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James II was born in 1633 and pass away in
1701.
He was King of England, King of Ireland and
King of Scotland as James VII, from 1685.
He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over
the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and
Ireland. Increasingly Britain’s political and
religious leaders opposed him as too proFrench, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an
absolute monarch.
When he made a Catholic heir the people
decided to replace him with William of Orange
in 1689.
•1688 The Glorious
Revolution
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In 1688 Parliament decided to
invite James protestant daughter
Mary, and her husband to become
Queen and King of England.
When they had accepted, James
‘s supporters began to flee, and
eventually James himself fled the
country. This event in known as
the “ Glorious Revolution”.
•1689 Bill of Right
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The Bill of Rights is an Act of the Parliament of
England passed on 16 December 1689 in the
wake of the Glorious Revolution.
It was a restatement in statutory form of the
Declaration of Right presented by the Convention
Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689,
inviting them to become joint sovereigns of
England.
The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers
of the monarch and sets out the rights of
Parliament, including the requirement for regular
parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech
in Parliament.
It sets out certain rights of individuals including the
prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms
for their defence within the rule of law.