CNS
STIMULANTS
JENNA WASHULESKI
AUDIENCE
You may be suffering from an addiction, or
maybe you are an occasional user. You could
be a family member or friend of an addict, or
you could just be a curious individual.
No matter who you are, you are welcome to
view this power point on CNS Stimulants,
health related symptoms, street slang terms,
withdrawal symptoms, and more.
Addiction is a serious issue.
Become aware of what CNS Stimulants
are and how they effect our bodies in
this 20 minute presentation. Enjoy.
WHAT ARE CNS
STIMULANTS
Central Nervous System Stimulants increase alertness,
euphoria, and cause the user to feel more energized
• Also known as an “Upper”
• Reason for Dependence and Misuse
Stimulants are classified in two categories
• Schedule I
• “Designer” Amphetamines
• Schedule II
• Amphetamine, Cocaine, Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
CNS STIMULATES
Can be
• Prescribed by a doctor
• Over-the-counter (OTC)
• In small doses such as in chocolate and coffee
Abuse can occur to individuals who use
stimulants for legitimate reasons or for
illicit reasons.
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
AMPHETAMINES
Video on Amphetamines (End video at 1:36)
Amphetamines are a sympathomimetic drug
• Similar to neurotransmitters like dopamine,
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Amphetamines increase the production of
neurotransmitters (like dopamine) and prevent
it from being recycled which creates a longer
high feeling
BlueBelly. "How Stimulant Drugs Work." How Stimulant Drugs Work. BlueBelly, 09 June 2009. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
APPROVED USES OF
AMPHETAMINES
In 1932, inhalers were used to treat nasal congestion
• The first therapeutic use of amphetamine
Originally sold for obesity, alcoholism bed-wetting, depression,
schizophrenia, morphine and codeine addiction, heart block,
head injuries, seasickness, persistent hiccups,
and caffeine mania.
“In 1967, some 31 million prescriptions were written for
anorexiants (diet pills) alone.”
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
APPROVED USES OF
AMPHETAMINES (CONTINUED)
In 1970, the Food And Drug Administration
restricted legal use of amphetamines to three
medical conditions
1. Narcolepsy
2. Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
3. Short term weight reduction programs
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
TYPES OF AMPHETAMINES
Designer drugs are a product of amphetamine and
methamphetamine that have prominent psychedelic
effects in addition to their CNS stimulatory action.
Some designer drugs are…
Methcathinone (“Cat”)
• Properties similar to methamphetamine and cocaine
Methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)
• Stimulant and Hallucinogen
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
TYPES OF AMPHETAMINES
(CONTINUED)
Methamphetamine
Dextrostat
Adderall
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Adderall XR
Concerta
Dexedrine
Detroamphetamine
Vyvanse
• Used for ADHD and
narcolepsy
Levoamphetamine
• A psychostimulant
used to increase
alertness
Procentra
Focalin
Strattera
Lisdexamfetamine
• Used for ADHD
"Lists of Amphetamines." Amphetamines.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
COMMON SLANG TERMS
FOR AMPHETAMINES
Speed
Crystal
Meth
Bennies
Dexies
Uppers
Pep pills
Ice
Whiz
Diet pills
Jolly
beans
Copilots
Hearts
Footballs
White
crosses
Crank
Chalk
Glass
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
WHAT DO AMPHETAMINES
LOOK LIKE?
Powder
• Can vary in color, most common in white to
brown
Tablets And Capsules
• Varies in color
Crystal
• Most potent form of amphetamine
• Large sheet like crystals or crystalline
powder
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION
Oral
Insufflation (Snorting)
Injection
Rectal
"Amphetamine." Drugs Forum RSS. SIN Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
AMPHETAMINE EFFECTS
Decreases
appetite
• Weight loss
Increases
Energy
Insomnia
Euphoria
Increases
Motivation
Irritability
Dry mouth
Alertness
Anxiety and
panic
Headache
Increased heart
rate and blood
pressure
Increased body
temperature
and sweating
Increased
breathing rate
Mood swings
Depression
Increases
concentration
Behavioral
stereotypy
•Meaningless repetition
of single activity
"Amphetamine." Drugs Forum RSS. SIN Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN)
“A Special Amphetamine”
Mild stimulant
Schedule II drug
Blocks the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline into their
receptive neurons
Treats narcolepsy and ADHD
Intended to be used orally
• Can be abused by snorting or when used as a performance
enhancer
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
OTHER STIMULANT PRODUCTS
Caffeine
Caffeine-like drugs (Xanthines)
• Stay-Awake Products
• Picker-Uppers
Herbal stimulants
• Contain ephedrine, ephedra, or guarana
OTC Sympathomimetics
• Cold, allergic, and diet aid medications
Performance Enhancers
• Drugs taken to increase physical or mental performance to achieve a
more positive result (Adderall for tests in school)
Methamphetamine
Cocaine
Crack cocaine
Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.). Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute.
CAFFEINE
The worlds most
frequently used and
potentially the most
popular drug.
“Almost 80% of the
world’s population
consumes caffeine
daily.”
“30% of Americans
consume 600mg or
more per day.”
• Most commonly
consumed are
methylxanthines (also
known as Xanthines)
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
XANTHINE
Consumed in beverages and foods
•
•
•
•
•
•
Coffee beans
Tea plants
Kola nuts
Mate leaves
Guarana paste
Yoco bark
• Herbal “natural
products”
• Energy Drinks
• Chocolate
• Cocoa
• Soft Drinks (Mountain
Dew, Pepsi, Coca-Cola,
etc.)
OTC Medication
• NoDoz
• Excedrin
• Vivarin
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
PHARMACOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF XANTHINE
CNS Effects
•
•
•
•
100-200 mg/day - Alertness, arousal, and reduces tiredness
300+ mg/day – Insomnia, increased tension, anxiety, and muscle twitches
500+ mg/day – panic sensations, chills, nausea, and clumsiness
Extreme doses/day – May result in seizures, respiratory failure, and even death
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects
•
•
500+ mg leads to increased heart activity
Can help with asthma-related respiratory problems
Caffeine Intoxication
•
Caffeinism: frequent high does of caffeine
Caffeine Dependence
•
Not likely to be an issue. Individual may experience headaches when not consuming
caffeine, but it shouldn’t interfere with daily activity.
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
MDMA (ECSTASY)
In late 1970s and early 1980s MDMA was used for psychotherapy
Schedule I Drug
Illegally manufactured
Causes user to feel sensory enhancement, psychedelic effects,
hallucinations, and extreme euphoria
Often used at raves, clubs, and bars
Video on what MDMA does to your brain
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
MDMA (ECSTASY) STREET SLANG NAMES
Molly
E
X
XTC
Adam
Hug
Beans
Clarity
Lover’s Speed
Love Drug
Taking more
than one pill at
once is called
“Bumping”
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
MDMA (ECSTASY)
Form
• Pill, tablet, or capsule
• Varies in colors
• Often have cartoon-like images on them
Takes 15 minutes to enter bloodstream and reach brain
Takes 45 minutes to feel “high”
Last for 3 to 6 hours
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National
Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr.
2014.
MDMA (ECSTASY)
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Anxiousness
Sweating and chills
Dizziness
Muscle tension
Nausea
Blurred Vision
Increased heart rate
Increased blood
pressure
Intense clenching of
the teeth
Sadness and
depression
• Can last for several
days to a week
Memory difficulties
• Can become permanent
Dehydration that leads
to hyperthermia
• Lead to heart and
kidney problems
• Could lead to death
High levels in blood
stream can lead to
seizures
“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
“More than 12 Million Americans
have abused methamphetamine
and 1.5 million of these uses are
addicted to this potent
stimulant.”
“In 2009 approximately 500,000
people were using this potent
stimulant monthly.”
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
METHAMPHETAMINE
STREET SLANG NAMES
Meth
Speed
Chalk
Tina
Ice
Crystal
Crank
Glass
Fire
Go fast
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web.
12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
Chemically similar to
amphetamines
Increase mood and happiness
Increase energy and alertness
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web.
12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
Is a synthetic drug
• Made with over-the-counter, toxic ingredients
• Drain cleaner, battery acid, antifreeze, and more
Illegally man-made in…
• Small laboratories
• “Superlabs”
• Big illegal laboratories
that make large quantities
of meth
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web.
12 Apr. 2014.
METHAMPHETAMINE
Forms
• Powder
• Pill
• Rock called crystal
• Shiny, white or clear
Method of Administration
•
•
•
•
Snorted
Smoked
Oral Ingestion
Sometimes mixed with alcohol or marijuana
“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web.
12 Apr. 2014.
Consumption of Methamphetamine can lead to overdose and death.
STAY AWAY FROM METH!
COCAINE
Schedule II Drug
“Cocaine has been used as a stimulant
for thousands of years.”
Derived from
the leaves of
the
Erthroxlon
coca plant
Then
produced
into coca
paste (80%
cocaine)
Paste is
processed at
laboratories
to form
powder
Before Cocaine
is sold on the
streets, it is
often mixed with
other
substances like
powdered
sugar, arsenic,
methamphetami
ne, etc.
• Purity can be
from 10% to
85%
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
STREET SLANG FOR COCAINE
Blow
Coke
Tornado
Snow
Flake
C
Toot
White
lady
Nuggets
Rock(s)
Fat
Bags
Nose
Candy
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
FORMS OF COCAINE
Little Pellets also known as rocks
• Must be crushed before use
Flakes or Powder
Speedball: cocaine typically mixed
with heroin and smoked
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
METHOD OF
ADMINISTRATION
Sometimes powder
cocaine is rubbed
onto tissues such as
gums.
Orally
Injected
Inhaled
(snorted)
Smoked
Freebasing:
conversion of
cocaine into its
alkaline form for
smoking
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
PHARMACOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF COCAINE
Enhanced activity of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and
serotonin transmitters
Blocks the reuptake and inactivation of these elements following
their release from neurons
CNS Effects
• Creates increased strength, energy, and performance
• Increases euphoria, self-confidence, well-being, and sociability
Cardiovascular System Effects
• Increases the levels of adrenaline, increases heart rate, raises
blood pressure
Local Anesthetic Effects
• Reduces bleeding
• Topical numbing effects
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
EFFECTS OF COCAINE
Increased happiness and excitement
Talk, move, and think quickly
Alertness, wakefulness, restlessness
Heart beats faster
Nervousness and anxiety
Mood swings
Aggressiveness
Paranoia
Twitching and shaking of the body
Increased Blood Pressure
Could lead to heart attack or stroke
Suppressed appetite
Possible weight loss
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
EFFECTS OF COCAINE
If Individuals inject cocaine with dirty/shared needles, they are at
higher risk for HIV/AIDS and hepatitis
Repeated snorting of cocaine can result in nosebleeds, constant
runny nose, hoarseness, and sense of smell
• Cocaine user developed a hole in their nose over a period of time.
Oral consumption may lead to bowel problems and reduce blood
flow in the intestines
Overdose
• Death
When the “high” wears off
•
•
•
•
•
“Crash” feeling
Fatigue
Sadness
Cravings to do more cocaine
Feeling of sickness, stomach pain, headaches
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
COCAINE ABSTINENCE PHASES
Phase 1: “Crash”
• 28-48 hours since last binge
• Depression, anorexia, suicidal thoughts, fatigue, no
craving, insomnia, and exhaustion
Phase 2: Withdrawal
• 1-10 weeks since last binge
• Mood swings, sleep returns, some craving, little anxiety,
intense craving, and obsessed with drug seeking
Phase 3: Extinction
• Indefinite since last binge
• Normal pleasure, mood swings, cues trigger craving
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society.
11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print.
CRACK COCAINE
Cocaine
Hydrochloride
Baking
soda
Water
Paste
which dries
into hard
rock pieces
Already processed cocaine and making it pure again is crack
cocaine
•
Could contain as much as 90% pure cocaine
Inexpensive
Typically smoked in a glass water pipe
• A rush or high happens within 8 to 10 seconds
• The high can last about 3 to 5 minutes
• “Crash” occurs for 10 to 40 minutes
• Extreme state of depression
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
WITHDRAWALS FROM
CNS STIMULANTS
Hunger
Anxiety
Irritability
Aggression
Radical
mood
swings
Depression
Paranoia
Extreme
fatigue
Long but
restless
sleep
Nightmares
Severe
distress and
panic
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
CSN STIMULANTS AND PREGNANCY
Research done on CNS Stimulants and pregnancy is not fully understood and is
not always clear because either there aren’t enough studies, or the current studies
do not have well defined or properly matched pregnancy populations. Studies can
also be contaminated there are poor nutrition, living conditions, and lifestyles, and
other drug use such as alcohol was present during pregnancy. These symptoms
are what may happen…
Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.). Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute.
Amphetamines – If a pregnant mother are taking prescription medicine, she should talk to her
doctor about further taking medication.
"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.
Caffeine - Pregnant mothers should have less than 200 mg/day. Mothers who chose to drink caffeine
are at higher risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. There can be slight reduction in weight of baby at birth.
"Caffeine during Pregnancy." BabyCenter. BabyCenter, L.L.C., Apr. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
MDMA (Ecstasy) - There has not been enough research in this area.
Pappas, Stephanie. "Ecstasy in Pregnancy Is Bad for Baby, Study Finds."LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 08 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
Methamphetamine – Low birth weight, Cleft palates, Premature birth, Mental and physical birth
defects, Increased risk of miscarriage
Chait, Jennifer. "What Are the Effects of Crystal Meth on Pregnancy?"LoveToKnow. Love To Know
Corp., 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.
Cocaine “Cocaine Babies” - Low birth weight, Premature birth, Small head, Increased
irritability, Cognitive defects, Problems with motor skills and language development, Problems gathering
info, short attention span. There is a high rate of mother’s abandoning their babies after birth.
Crack Cocaine “Crack Babies” – Similar defects to Cocaine Babies
"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.
TREATMENT FOR DEPENDENCE
ON CNS STIMULANTS
Inpatient and
outpatient programs
AODA Counseling
Psychological
counseling
Motivation
Goals
Recovery Story, 15 Reasons to Overcome Addiction
IN THE APPROPRIATE BOX, WRITE DOWN THE PROS AND CONS BASED ON
YOUR LOW RISK CHOICES TOWARDS CNS STIMULANTS. THEN WRITE
DOWN THE PROS AND CONS OF CONTINUED HIGH RISK CHOICES.
High Risk Choices
Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.).
Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute
Low Risk Choices
PROS
CONS
In the video from the previous slide, Jessica listed 15 reasons to stay
sober. What reasons can you think of? This chart will help you decide.
CONCLUSION
If you or someone
you know has an
addiction, take
action today!