The Chemistry of
Life
Turn your
cartoons in to
the box
Chemistry Review
Atom
 Element  Compound  Mixture

Chemistry
Electrons
 Octet Rule 
 Valence electrons
 Ions

Bonding
Properties of water

Polar~ opposite ends,
opposite charges
Water
Cohesion~ H+ bonds holding molecules
together
 Adhesion~ H+ bonds holding molecules to
another substance
 Capillary Action ~ Cohesion PLUS
Adhesion… how water moves UP a plant


Surface tension~ measurement of the
difficulty to break or stretch the surface of
a liquid
That’s strange…

Density: Ice is LESS DENSE than liquid
water… why ice floats! Due to H bonding
(high) Specific heat~ amount of heat
absorbed or lost to change temperature by
1°C
 (high) Heat of vaporization~ quantity of
heat required to convert 1g from liquid to
gas states

Hydrogen bonding
Today
Water Lab!
 8 stations – get as far as you can, but
don’t rush.
 CLEAN UP after each station – everything
liquid can go down the sink. Everything
solid goes in the trash.
 LAB GOGGLES!
 Latex allergy? Do not touch balloons at
station 8

Warm Up 9/8
1.
2.
3.
Attractions between different water
molecules are known as _____________
bonds.
True or False: Water cools rapidly.
What is the difference between an ionic
bond and a covalent bond?
Homework
Work on/ review organic compounds chart
(due Thursday)
 Work on Unit 1 Review Sheet (DUE 9/17)
 Have you read 2.1-2.3 yet? If not, add that
to your HW!!!

Today
 Go
over Water Lab – then turn it in to the box
Notes: Organic compounds
(Carbohydrates and lipids)
 Crashcourse Video: Carbs and Lipids

Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
1.
•
•
•
Sugars, grains
Contain simple energy
Found in plants, sugary
foods
3. Proteins
•
•
4. Nucleic Acid
•
Lipids
2.
•
•
•
Fats
Contain the most energy
Found in meats, dairy
Meat, certain vegetables
Bodies produce proteins
to function
•
•
DNA/RNA
Genetic information
storage
Found in all cells, not
much energy
Organic Compounds
 Contain CARBON
 In science terms, organic
means carbon-containing
 Are
POLYMERS
Polymers
are
composed of
monomers
Organic Compounds
 Carbon
containing compounds
 Form covalent
bonds with
(usually) other
carbon or
hydrogen
atoms
By virtue of its 4 valence
electrons:

 Can form single, double, or
triple covalent bonds with itself
(and other atoms)
 Can form a variety of shapes
(chains, rings, branches sheets,
etc.)
Carbon Molecules
Polymer
Poly = many
 Mono = one


Polymers are to macaroni necklaces as
monomers are to macaroni
polymer
monomer
Huh?

Carbs, Lipids,
Proteins, and
Nucleic Acids are
all made up of
repeating
subunits.
CrashCourse: Biomolecules

Biomolecule = macromolecule = organic
compound

Also… I have Ch’s 1 & 2 to check out! 
1. Carbohydrates

Examples:

Sugars (simple carbs) and starches (complex
carbs)
 Glucose,
fructose, sucrose, ribose, deoxyribose,
cellulose, potatoes, pastas, glycogen (how animals
store energy)
Carbohydrates

structure = Rings or long chains of rings
Carbohydrates

Elements:


Carbon, Hydrogen ,Oxygen – CHO
H:O ratio = 2:1
For every 2 H’s, there is one O
 Glucose = C6H12O6… 12:6 = 2:1
 Cellulose = (C6H10O5)n… 10:5 = 2:1

Carbohydrates

Monomer: monosaccharide
Mono = ONE
 Di = TWO
 Poly = MANY

Sucrose is a disaccharide made of
glucose PLUS fructose
 Cellulose is a polysaccharide made of up
to 10,000 connected D-glucose molecules

Carbohydrates

FUNCTION: quick energy

Sugars = simple  very quick energy
 Ex:

OJ if blood sugar is low
Starches = complex carbohydrate  takes
longer for body to break down… longer term
energy source
 Ex:
Before a football game, eat pasta or cereal
2. Lipids

Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, fatsoluble vitamins (A, D, K, E), triglycerides,
cholesterol

Butter, olive oil, cell membranes
(phospholipids)
Lipids

Structure: 2 or 3 long Hydro-Carbon tails
Lipids

Elements: CHO


Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
H:O ratio is >2:1

Ex: Vitamin E (tocopherol) = C29H50O2 so the
H:O ratio = 50:2 = 25:1 which is GREATER
THAN 2:1
Lipids

Can look like a simple hydrocarbon (CHO)
Lipids

Monomer: glycerol + fatty acids*
*Technically, there are many types of lipids,
BUT: Most lipids have a glycerol or carboxylic
acid “head” and fatty acid “tails”
Lipids

Function: Long term energy storage

Ex: The human body converts excess glucose
(sugar) into fat.
What’s wrong with this picture?
Carbs vs. Lipids
BOTH have CHO
 BOTH store energy

Carbs: quick energy
 Lipids: long term energy  storage
 Excess carbs get turned into fat for storage


How can you differentiate between carbs
and lipids???
Carbohydrate or Lipid?

Formula: C18H34O2
Carbohydrate or Lipid?

Formula = C12H22O11
Carbohydrate or Lipid?

Formula: C27H46O
Carbohydrate or Lipid?

Formula: C12H24O2
Carbohydrate or Lipid?

Formula: C6H10O5
Warm Up 9/19
1.
2.
A molecule that end in –ose can be
categorized as a ______________.
What kind of molecule is this and how do
you know:
HW

Work on Unit 1 Review Sheet
Today
Crashcourse: Carbs, Lipids
 Notes: Proteins, Nucleic Acids

3. Proteins
Examples: Insulin, keratin, casein,
ENZYMES (catalase, amylase, lactase…)
 Found in meats, dairy products, eggs, and
some plants (nuts, lentils, and legumes
such as beans, peas, soy…)

Proteins

Structure: complex chain of linked amino
acids (peptide bond links AA’s)

polypeptide = precursor to protein
Proteins

Elements: CHON (sometimes S)


Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, NITROGEN
(complex proteins have disulfide bridges…
hence Sulfur)
H:O ratio – N/A
Proteins
Monomer: AMINO ACIDS
 A long chain of AA’s = a polypeptide…
why?


Peptide bonds connect AA’s
Proteins are just folded polypeptides
 Proteins are made of…

20 essential amino acids
AA’s connected by peptide bond
Peptide
bond
Proteins

Function: structure (pectin; chitin),
catalyzing reactions (enzymes lower
activation energy), repair and
maintenance, Immune System
(antibodies)
4. Nucleic Acids

Examples: DNA, RNA (tRNA, mRNA,
rRNA)… NA stands for Nucleic Acid

Found in ALL LIVING THINGS!!
In the NUCLEUS of eukaryotes (protists,
fungi, plants, animals)
 Free-floating in prokaryotes (bacteria)

Nucleic Acids
Structure: single stranded (RNA) or double
stranded (DNA)
 DNA: ATCG
 RNA: AUCG

Nucleic Acids
Elements: CHONP
 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
PHOSPHORUS


H:O ratio: N/A
Nucleic Acids

Monomer: Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleotide
1.
2.
3.
=
phosphate group (P)
nitrogen base (N)
5-carbon sugar (CHO)
is a carb… CHO
 Deoxyribose or ribose
 Sugar
Nucleic Acids
ATP is the energy currency of the cell
 It is a close relative of the nucleotide
Adenine

Nucleic Acids

Function: Heredity; storage of genetic
information
Stores ALL genetic information
 Codes for proteins responsible for
expressed traits

Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Provides rigid structure for plant cells
 Made of long chain of monosaccharides

Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Genes are made of this
 Long, complex molecule containing
CHONP

Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?

Main component of cell membranes
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?

Monomer: nucleotide
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Amino Acids are connected by peptide
bonds
 This macromolecule is HUGE and
complex

Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Simple ones end in –ose
 Complex ones are broken down to simple
ones to power cellular respiration (and
make ATP)


That’s why you eat!!!
Carb, Lipid, Protein, or Nucleic Acid?
Elements: CHO
 H:O ratio is >2:1

Crashcourse: Nucleic Acids
 Notes: Enzymes

Vocab for Enzyme Activity
enzyme –
 catalyst –
 chemical reaction –
 activation energy –
 substrate –
 active site –
 denatured –

Enzymes

Enzymes are
PROTEINS
 Biological catalysts

 Speed
up chemical reactions by lowering
activation energy
Substrate-specific (like a lock and a key)
 Reusable
 Ends in –ase
 Affected by temperature and pH

Enzymes

Proteins
Enzymes
Speed up rxns (catalyze rxns) by lowering
activation energy
 Higher concentration of enzyme = faster
reaction

Enzymes
Substrate-specific (like a lock and key)
 Reusable
 End in -ase

Denaturation
Vocab for Enzyme Activity
enzyme –
 catalyst –
 chemical reaction –
 activation energy –
 substrate –
 active site –
 denatured –
