(El subjuntivo español: una introducción)
Quiero que Ud. pase por el Control de Agricultura.

Until now, you have been using verb tenses (present, preterit, and imperfect) in the indicative mood (or mode ).
The indicative is used to express real, definite, or factual actions or states of being.
You will learn about the subjunctive mode. It is used to express the hypothetical or subjective, such as a speaker’s attitudes, wishes, feelings, emotions, or doubts. Unlike the indicative, which states facts, the subjunctive describes reality subjectively, or refers to actions or states that are not yet reality at all (and maybe never will be).

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Indicative (facts)
 Present
 Past (preterite & Imperfect)
 Future
Imperative
 Commands
Subjunctive
 Hypothetical
 Wishes
 Requests
 Opinions

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlK3ZgGFpTU

Our grandmother tells us stories.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Jeanne hopes you remember her.
Stay home this evening, please.
Vic wants Claire to come out and play.
We prefer that she take fewer photos.
Daisy speaks three languages.
The teacher wants all of us to learn.
7.

ojalá

Notice the following examples:
Luis va a Cartagena.
Luis is going to Cartagena.
(Certainty: indicative)
No creo que Luis vaya a San Andrés.
I don’t think that Luis is going to San
Andrés. (Uncertainty: subjunctive)

NOTE:
-ar verbs: have an “e” w/ the present subjunctive
-er/-ir verbs:
Have an “a”
1.
Start with the “YO” form
1.
Comer = como / HACER = hago
2.
Take off the “o”
1.
COM-/HAG-
3.
Add the opposite endings (coma, haga)
4.
-AR: -e -emos
-es
-e
-éis
-en
5.
-ER / -IR: -a
-as
-a
-amos
-áis
-an
8

The forms of the subjunctive
Before we learn usage, we must learn the forms we will be working with. Think of it as learning the mechanics or
“nuts and bolts” before assembling the tool.
For all but six verbs in Spanish, we can apply a simple three-step process with which to construct the forms.
Step 1 : Start with the yo form of the verb in the present tense (this applies to all three conjugations):

The forms of the subjunctive
Step 1 : Start with the yo form of the verb in the present tense (this applies to all three conjugations):
If we are careful to begin with this step, verbs with irregular stems and yo-go forms will be included and will not be considered irregular in the subjunctive: conocer → conozco oír → oigo tener → tengo decir → digo dormir → duermo pedir → pido perder → pierdo traer → traigo venir → vengo hacer → hago querer → quiero ver → veo

The forms of the subjunctive
Step 2 : Take off the final o of the yo form:
Step 3 : Add the “opposite” endings:
For ar verbs: Add er verb endings.
habl
habl
habl
habl
habl
habl
Notice that the first- and third-person singular forms are identical.

The forms of the subjunctive
Step 3 : Add the “opposite” endings:
For er and -ir verbs: Add ar verb endings to both.
com
com
com
com
com
com
viv viv
viv
viv
viv
viv
Again, first- and third-person singular forms are identical.

The forms of the subjunctive
Stem-changing ar and er verbs have the same stem changes as in the present indicative.
recordar (o  ue) recuerd e recuerd es recuerd e record emos record
éis recuerd en perder (e  ie) pierd a pierd as pierd a perd amos perd
áis pierd an
Remember, however, that stem changes do not apply to nosotros and vosotros forms.

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Yo…………...
Tú…………...
Usted……….
él, ella
Nostotros/as.
Vosotros/a
Ustedes……..
Ellos, ellas hablar (-ar) comer (-er) salir (-ir) hable coma salg a
Hables hable comas coma salg salg as a hablemos habléis hablen comamos comáis coman salg salg salg amos
áis an pensar pie nse pie nses pie nse pen semos pen sáis piens en

The forms of the subjunctive
The following spelling changes occur in all forms of the present subjunctive with verbs whose infinitives end in car , gar , and zar .
-car c  qu buscar busque busques busque busquemos busquéis busquen
-gar g  gu -zar z  c llegar empezar llegue llegues llegue lleguemos lleguéis lleguen empiece empieces empiece empecemos empecéis empiecen

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Verbs ending in “-car”, “-gar”,
“-zar”, & “-guir” have spelling changes:
Ending
-car
-gar
-zar
-ger
-guir
Formal Command ending example
-que sacar
-gue llegar
Formal
Command sa que lle gue organizar organi ce -ce
-ja
-ga recoger
Seguir (I) reco ja si ga

The forms of the subjunctive
There are only six truly irregular verbs, that is, verbs to which we cannot apply our three-step process.
When listed in the following order, the initial letters of each verb form the acronym DISHES, a useful memory device.
Dar 
Ir  dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
Ser  sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean
Haber 
Estar  haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
Saber  sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
EMPIECEN
SUBAN
TOMEN
JUEGUEN
ORGANICEN
VAYAN
CRUCEN
DEN
SEAN
SALGAN
VENGAN

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Subjunctive Notes: ISG 146
ISG 147: Grammar Tutor & Notes from pg 102
 3 rules only, not tables
You and your friends are getting ready for a party.
Create illustrated commands for each of the 6 verbs in exercise 26 to tell them what they need to do (plural commands)
You don’t want your parents to complain about getting involved, so tell your mom, dad or grandparent not to do the things in the pictures for exercise 26 (singular, formal, negative commands)

FIN


 Put your name on the front
 Fill out WEIRDO and DISHES acronyms (front and back)
 Give the first person subjunctive for each verb in DISHES


The forms of the subjunctive
You may recall the third-person singular and plural changes that occur in the preterit of stem-changing ir verbs.
dormir  dormí dormiste durmió u
The same changes occur in the nosotros and vosotros forms of the subjunctive.
duerma duermas duerma dormimos dormisteis durmieron
These changes occur only in stem-changing
ir verbs.
durmamos durmáis duerman

The forms of the subjunctive
You may recall the third-person singular and plural changes that occur in the preterit of stem-changing ir verbs.
mentir  mentí mentiste mintió mentimos mentisteis mintieron i mienta mientas mienta mintamos mintáis mientan

The forms of the subjunctive
You may recall the third-person singular and plural changes that occur in the preterit of stem-changing ir verbs.
servir  i serví serviste sirvió servimos servisteis sirvieron sirva sirvas sirva sirvamos sirváis sirvan

ojalá

The forms of the subjunctive
There are only six truly irregular verbs, that is, verbs to which we cannot apply our three-step process.
When listed in the following order, the initial letters of each verb form the acronym DISHES, a useful memory device.
Dar 
Ir  dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan
Ser  sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean
Haber 
Estar  haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén
Saber  sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan

The usage of the subjunctive
The subjunctive normally occurs in the subordinate clause of a two-part sentence (hence the term subjunctive) and generally is preceded by the relator que or an adverb such as cuando , donde , etc.
Normally, the main clause has a different subject and verb than the subordinate clause.
main clause subordinate clause
Yo quiero que Juan vaya a la fiesta.
S1 V1 S2 V2

The usage of the subjunctive
If there is no change of subject, that is, if the subject of the main clause is the same as that of the subordinate clause, the subjunctive is generally not used, especially with verbs of volition, such as querer , and verbs that express emotion.
main clause subordinate clause
Yo quiero que yo vaya a la fiesta.
S1 V1 S1 V2
Although there are two different verbs . . .
. . . there is only one subject.

The usage of the subjunctive
If there is no change of subject, that is, if the subject of the main clause is the same as that of the subordinate clause, the subjunctive is generally not used, especially with verbs of volition, such as querer , and verbs that express emotion.
S AV INF
. . . utilizing a subject, auxiliary verb, and infinitive.

The usage of the subjunctive
The verb or expression in the main clause determines whether to use the subjunctive or the indicative in the subordinate clause.
Three simple principles can be applied in almost every case.
If the main clause expresses . . .
1. Cause or prevention.
2. Personal bias or emotion.
3. Falseness or unreality.
. . . the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

The usage of the subjunctive
1. Cause or prevention : When the subject in the main clause uses a verb that tends to cause or prevent something in the subordinate clause, the subjunctive is always used in the subordinate clause.
(Notice that que unites the two clauses.)
 Benjamín quiere que Antonio ponga la mesa.
(indicative: pone)
 Yo insisto en que tú hagas el trabajo.
(indicative: haces)
 Prohibimos que los clientes fumen en la oficina.
(indicative: fuman)

The usage of the subjunctive
Following are some common verbs and expressions that might be used to cause or prevent.
Cause querer pedir insistir recomendar permitir aconsejar necesitar sugerir mandar obligar ser importante, imprescindible, permisible, necesario, innecesario, preferible, mejor, urgente
Prevention impedir prohibir no permitir

The usage of the subjunctive
2. Personal bias or emotion : When the verb in the main clause expresses a feeling, emotion, or personal bias, the subjunctive is usually (but not always) used in the subordinate clause.
NOTE: It is in this area of Spanish that the subjunctive is most quickly falling into disuse, and is being replaced by the indicative.
Nevertheless, for instructional purposes, we will always use the subjunctive in these cases.

The usage of the subjunctive
2. Personal bias or emotion : When the verb in the main clause expresses a feeling, emotion, or personal bias, the subjunctive is usually (but not always) used in the subordinate clause.
 Me alegro de que tú saques buenas notas.
(indicative: sacas)
 ¡Qué lástima que ellos no sepan su número de teléfono !
(indicative: saben)
 Lamento que hayas perdido tu dinero.
(indicative: has perdido)
 Me gusta que Alfredo te ayude.
(indicative: ayuda)

The usage of the subjunctive
But, again, just as with verbs of volition, if there is no change of subject, a single clause with infinitive is used rather than the subjunctive.
 Me alegro de sacar buenas notas.
 Lamento haber perdido mi dinero.
 Me gusta ayudarte.

The usage of the subjunctive
Following are some common verbs and expressions that express personal bias or emotion.
gustar alegrarse (de) apenar asombrar sorprender entristecer temer esperar sentir ser triste ser una lástima ser maravilloso ser bueno, terrible, horroroso, fantástico, etc. estar alegre, contento, triste, etc.
ojalá

The usage of the subjunctive
3. Falseness or unreality : If the main clause indicates that something is true or indeed exists, the indicative is used in the subordinate clause.
 Es verdad que los niños comen demasiado.
 Estoy seguro que Alonzo tiene su pasaporte.
By contrast, if the main clause indicates doubt, falseness or unreality, the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.
 No creemos que vaya a nevar mañana.
 Mis amigos dudan que yo pueda pilotear el avión.
 No hay nadie que sepa la verdad.

The usage of the subjunctive
But, once more, if there is no change of subject, one clause with an infinitive can be used in many cases.
 No estoy seguro de tener mi pasaporte.
(No estoy seguro de que yo tenga mi pasaporte.)
 No creo saber la verdad.
(No creo que yo sepa la verdad.)
 Dudo poder pilotear el avión .
(Dudo que yo pueda pilotear el avión .)

The usage of the subjunctive
Following are some common verbs and expressions that express truth or falseness.
Truth creer afirmar estar seguro jurar confirmar asegurar ser cierto ser indudable ser evidente ser obvio ser verdad ser (estar) claro
Falseness no creer dudar negar ser (im)posible no ser verdad no estar seguro no poder creer ser (im)probable no ser cierto

E
S
C
A
P
A
The usage of the subjunctive
Finally, the subjunctive is always used after the following phrases (and a few other similar ones).
When listed in the order shown below, they form the acronym ESCAPA, a useful memory device.
en caso de que sin que con tal (de) que antes (de) que para que a menos que
(in case)
(without, unless)
(provided that)
(before)
(so that, in order that)
(unless)

FIN