Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Human Anatomy Semester Study Guide
Mrs. Yemm – Fall 2012
Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Define the following terms:
Anatomy (Gross vs. Microscopic)
Physiology
Homeostasis
Supine
Prone
Cranial
Cephalic
Caudal
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
Frontal Plane
Sagittal Plane
Transverse Plane
Levels of Classification: Provide examples of each
Chemical (molecular) – Cellular – Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism
Organ Systems – list 11 organ systems and an example of an organ in each:
Compare and Contrast Positive and Negative Feedback Loops
Positive Feedback Loop
Negative Feedback Loop
Purpose
Example
Define: Receptor, Effector and Control Center
1
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
BODY POSITIONS:
Describe anatomical position
Review key body parts listed on Figure 1-6 in textbook
ANATOMICAL REGIONS
4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants – Label the 4 quadrants and provide examples of organs
in each quadrant
9 Abdominopelvic Regions – Label the 9 regions and provide examples of organs in each
2
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Body Cavities – See Figure 1-10 in textbook
Ventral (Anterior)
Thoracic
Pleural
Pericardial
Abdominopelvic
Peritoneal
Abdominal
Pelvic
Dorsal (Posterior)
Cranial
Spinal
Clinical Diagnostic Tests: Describe each technique and what types of tissue is displays
X-ray
CT (CAT) Scan
MRI
Ultrasound
UNIT 2: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Define and describe the following terms:
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Articular Cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Marrow Cavity
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Osteocyte
Osteon
Central (Haversian) Canal
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Ossification
Bone Remodeling
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Opposition
Pronation
Supination
Components of the Skeletal System: Bones, Cartilages, Joints, Ligaments, and other connective
tissue
3
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Functions: List the 5 functions of the skeletal system
General Types of Bones: Describe and provide an example of each (See Fig 6.1)
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Parts of a Long Bone: Draw an example of a basic long bone below. Label the diaphysis,
proximal and distal epiphysis, and articular cartilage
Microscopic Structure of Bone: Label and be familiar with the components shown in the
picture below
4
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Spongy vs. Compact Bone – Compare and contrast the 2 types of bone
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Location
Function
Presence of Osteons
Other
Types of Bone Cells
Describe the relationship between osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
How do these cells work together to maintain homeostasis for healthy, strong bones?
Describe the effects of aging on this relationship.
Bone Formation and Growth – Compare and contrast intramembraneous and endochondral ossification
Intramembraneous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification
Bones formed this way
Cartilage bone model?
Spongy bone first?
What effects how bones grow?
- Discuss the role of calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), Vitamin D, Vitamin C and Vitamin A in bone
growth and how an absence of these minerals would affect bone growth?
-
How does exercise and activity relate to the healthy bone?
5
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Bone Disorders – Define and explain the following conditions.
Arthritis
Scoliosis
Spondylolisthesis
Bulging Vertebral Disc
Osteoporosis
Osteopenia
Rickets
Joints
Functional Classification
Definition
Examples
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Structural Classification
Definition
Hinge
Gliding
Pivot
Ellipsoidal
Saddle
Ball and Socket
6
Examples
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
UNIT 4: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Define and describe the following terms:
Origin
Insertion
Prime Mover
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Tendon
Neuromuscular Junction
Sarcomere
Myofilaments
Myosin
Muscle Tone
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Aerobic activity
Anaerobic Activity Oxygen Debt
Lactic Acid
Glycogen
Antagonist
Fascicle
Sarcolemma
Motor Unit
Isometric contraction
Actin
Synergist
Muscle Fiber
T-tubules
Atrophy
Isotonic
Myosin
Function: List the 5 primary functions of the muscular system.
Types of muscle tissue: Compare and contrast the 3 types
Skeletal
Smooth
Striations?
# of nuclei
General shape
Voluntary?
Special features?
Location
Review the microanatomy of a muscle as shown in Figure 7.1 and 7.2
7
Cardiac
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Muscle Contraction
Summarize the steps involved in the transmission of an action potential from the nerve axon,
across the neuromuscular junction then along the sarcolemma to the T-tubules of the SR.
Include the role of Acetylcholine.
Summarize the steps of skeletal muscle contraction (sliding filament theory) beginning with the
release of calcium from the SR to the movement of actin filaments.
How do you get a stronger skeletal muscle contraction? (Number of motor units, summation
and tetany)
Compare the two types of muscle fibers.
Slow Twitch
Diameter
Amount of mitochondria
Type of contraction
Other characteristics
Rich blood suppy
Fast Twich
Ample glycogen
Muscle Metabolism
Compare light, moderate and heavy activity metabolism. What is the energy source and are
there any by-products as a result of this metabolism.
8
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Unit 4: THE HEART and CIRCULATION
Define and describe the following terms.
Atrium
Ventricle
Valve
Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic circuit
Pulmonary
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Coronary
Sulcus
Fossa Ovalis
Foramen
Ductus Arteriosum Ligamentum Arteriosum
Systole
Diastole
Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output
Blood Pathway
Write the pathway that blood travels through the heart, lungs and body. Include heart
chambers, valves it passes through and major vessels.
External Structure
Describe what the heart would look like from an anterior view. Which side would be seen more
prominently? Which major vessels would be easily identified? Where are the apex and base?
Internal Structure
Visualize and describe what the heart looks like inside. Which side of the heart has the bicuspid
valve? Which ventricle has thicker walls and why?
9
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Fetal heart
Compare the fetal heart to the adult heart. What differences and similarities exist?
Coronary blood supply
Identify and describe the location of the primary vessels that supply the heart muscle tissue
with the nutrients and oxygen it needs?
Where does the blood from the coronary circuit return to the heart?
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
Compare the process of muscle contraction for cardiac to skeletal muscle cells.
Conduction System
Describe the pathway of the conduction system in the heart. Include the SA and AV nodes,
Bundle of His, bundle fibers and Purkinje Fibers
The Heartbeat and EKG
What is the average resting heart rate for an adult?
Draw an EKG wave pattern and identify the parts.
10
Name: ____________________________________ Block: ____ Final Exam Date: _________________
Describe what is happening in each of the sections of the EKG.
Electrical Activity
Physical Occurance
P Wave
QRS Wave
T Wave
Blood Pressure
Describe what you hear when taking a blood pressure reading with a sphygmomanometer?
What do those sounds represent in the blood vessel and at the heart?
Heart Conditions
Define and describe the following heart/blood related conditions.
Heart Murmur
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Myocardial Infarction
Stroke
Arrhythmia
Hypertension
11