Chemistry
Alphabet
Book
Taylor Poteet
6th Period
A is for Atom
The atom was discovered by Henry Mosely in
1912. He determined that the number of
protons told you what the element was and
also was equal to the atomic number. An atom
is a representative particle that cannot be
broken down.
B is for Boyles Law
Boyles Law is the relationship
between volume and pressure. The
two subjects are inversely related
meaning as one increases, the
other decreases and vice versa. The
equation is P1V1=P2V2.
C is for Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is 2 or more nonmetals put
together to form a compound. Covalent bonds
share electrons and are also called molecules.
To find the shared electrons and lone pairs
you use the NASL method.
D is for Dilution
Dilution is a less concentrated solution. To
dilute the stock solution you add solvent
making the solution less concentrated. To
calculate dilution, you use M1V1=M2V2.
E is for Exothermic Reaction
An exothermic reaction is a reaction that gives
off heat. Heat is formed so the energy is on
the product side of the reaction. Enthalpy
(heat content of a system) decreases in an
exothermic reaction.
F is for Fission
Fission is where the nucleus of an atom splits
into smaller parts. Nuclear fission releases
very large amounts of energy. Nuclear fission
was discovered by Otto Hahn in 1938.
G is for Gas
A gas is a state of matter. It doesn’t have a
fixed shape therefor it takes the shape of the
container its in. Gases are the nonmetals on
the periodic table which are located on the
right side.
H is for Homogenous
Mixture
Homogeneous is Latin for "the same kind” so
a homogenous mixture contains only one kind
of compound or element. The mixture has a
uniform composition so it is hard to tell that
its more than one substance.
I is for Intensive
An intensive property is a property that the
mass doesn’t play a factor in. An example is
the boiling point. The mass doesn’t effect the
BP so it is an intensive property.
J is for Joule
The joule is the basic unit for energy. The
amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of one gram of water by one
degree Celsius is a Joule. In the metric system
it is equivalent to a calorie.
K is for Kinetic
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. One
type of kinetic energy is thermal energy.
Thermal energy is the energy a substance has
related to its temperature.
L is for Lewis Dot
Structure
The Lewis Dot Structure is a representation of
a molecule showing the valence electrons as
dots. Gilbert Newton Lewis developed the
Lewis Dot structure. He came up with it to
have a way of explaining valence electrons to
his students.
M is for Molarity
Molarity is the number of moles of solute per
liter of solution. To calculate molarity, you
divide moles by liters. Molarity is also called
concentration and can be represented by “M”.
N is for Net Ionic Equation
A net ionic equation is a chemical equation
that shows only the elements that oxidize or
reduce. First you write the chemical equation.
Then you write the ionic equation with all the
charges. Last, you remove all elements that
kept their same charges.
O Is for Oxidation
Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a
reaction. The element or compound then
becomes more positive. If you have an
oxidation reaction occur, you must have a
reduction reaction occur.
P is for Periodic Table
The Periodic Table is an arrangement of the
elements by increasing atomic number. Dmitri
Mendeleev invented the Periodic Table. He
arranged the elements by atomic mass rather
than atomic number so we don’t use his exact
invention today but he came up with the idea.
Q is for q=mc
t
We use the equation above to calculate the
heat absorbed or released in a reaction. M is
mass. C is specific heat and delta t is change in
temperature.
R is for Reduction
Redox is when electrons are transferred from
one substance to another. Reduction is when
the substance gains electrons making it more
negative. If you have a reduction reaction,
there also has to be oxidation.
S is for Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is used when you are given one
value of a substance and you need to find
another value. Most of the time you use the
mole ratio and molar mass. An example of a
stoichiometry question is: You have 67 grams
of Cl2, how many moles do you have?
T is for Tetrahedral
A tetrahedral is a model of an atom with 4
bonds coming out of the nucleus. Each bond
represents 2 electrons. Some examples of a
tetrahedral is CH4 and PO43-.
U is for Ultraviolet
Radiation
UV radiation is a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. UV radiation has shorter
wavelengths than microwaves but longer than
gamma rays. It also has a high frequency .
V is for VSEPR
VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion. It minimizes repulsion of shared
and unshared pairs of electrons around
central atom.
W is for Water
Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen.
H2O can be a solid, liquid, or a gas. It is also
the universal solvent.
X is for Xenon
Xenon is a nonmetal in the noble gas group on
the periodic table. Noble gases do not
combine with any other element because it
has a full shell of valence electrons. Xenon has
an atomic mass of 131.29 and an atomic
number that is 54.
Y is for Yield
Yield is the arrow between reactants and
products in a chemical equation. The
reactants yield the products. The yield can
also be double sided which means the
chemical equation will work either way.
Z is for Zinc
Zinc is an element on the Periodic Table. It is a
transition metal. A transition metal is an
element with varying valence electrons
depending on their charge.