• Support- supports body and gives it shape
• Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs,
brain, any internal organs
• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
• Mineral storage- calcium
• Blood cell formation
• There are 206 bones in
the adult body and
they fall into 2
Categories:
• 1. Axial Skeleton
• 2. Appendicular
Skeleton
• Consists of the bone and cartilage that
supports and protects the head, neck and
trunk:
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Thoracic cage
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinus
Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
•
•
•
Warm and moisten air
Lighten the skull
Enhance voice resonance
The Vertebral Column
o Cervical Vertebrae (7)
o Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
o Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
o Sacrum
o Coccyx
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
Ribs (12 total)
Sacrum & Coccyx
• Includes:
• 1. Pectoral Girdle
• 2. Upper Limbs
• 3. Pelvic Girdle
• 4. Lower Limbs
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the Upper Limbs
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
The Lower Limbs
(Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges
TO DO!
• Work on your note cards – label them and tell
what they do. (you will need the book)
• Chapter 7 p165 in the book Q’s 17-20 & 22
• Long Bones- longer than they are wide.
Ex: metacarples, phalangies, humerus,
ulna, radius…
• Short Bones- circular/square shape.
Ex: carpals, tarsals
• Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, facial bones
• Other: patella
What type of bones do you
think the following are?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ribs
Phalanges
Pelvic bone
Skull bones
Ulna/ Radius
Nasal bone
Mandible
• Bones are organs which means they are
composed of many types of tissues:
1. Fibrocartilage connective tissue.
2. Hayline Cartilage.
3. Blood tissue.
4. Lymphatic tissue.
5. Adipose tissue.
6. Nervous tissue.
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Builds new bone
Eats bone
1. Epiphysis: The end of each long bone
2. Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone
3. Hyaline Cartilage: on the outer surface of the
epiphysis to assist growth
4. Periosteum: Completely encloses or wraps
around the bone (very tough)
5. Compact bone: Very thick with no gaps around
the diaphysis
6. Spongy bone: numerous branching plates and
spaces in the epiphysis.
7. Marrow: Red or yellow in the center of bones.
spongy bone
Proximal
compact bone
epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
periosteum
STOP!!
1. Label the human skeleton
worksheet
2. You have 10 minutes to quiz
each other on the skeleton.
3. With a partner you will then
construct out of toothpicks
and other materials the
skeleton.
1. Most bones develop from
masses of hyaline cartilage
shaped like future bones.
This occurs while still in the uterus
as a fetus- usually the first two
months.
2. The cartilage begins to break down and
disappear first in the diaphysis. At the same
time the periosteum begins to form, the
cartilage calcifies and blood vessels begin.
periosteum
cartilage
calcified
cartilage
3. Compact bone begins to form. The
epiphysis cartilage continues to grow and
calcify.
just before birth
Compact bone
4. Spongy bone forms in the epiphysis but is
not complete. The marrow cavity forms
which will later house blood cells. The
diaphysis elongates.
Marrow cavity
Spongy bone
After birth and into
childhood
5. The diaphysis elongates
further. Spongy bone
forms and compact bone
thickens until length and
structure is complete.
The Growth plate tell the
bone when to stop
growing.
6. Adult bone: everything
is fully grown!
Cartilage is only left at
the ends of the
epiphysis. Marrow is
now fully formed also
Fetus: 1st
2 months
Endochondral Ossification
2o ossification
center
bone
cartilage
calcified
cartilage
Just before
birth
epiphyseal
line
epiphyseal
plate
Childhood
Adult
STOP!!
Use the cut outs to create the steps of
bone formation.
1. You may create a book, foldable, etc.
2. Place each step in the correct order.
3. Label all the appropriate parts in each
step.
4. Give a brief description in your own
words about what is happening in each
step.
Use page 130-131 for more help
Types of bone breaks
1. Simple- skin is not pierced (most breaks)
2. Compound- skin is pierced
3. Complete- bone is broken in half
4. Partial- broken lengthwise but not two parts
5. Comminuted- broken into several pieces
6. Spiral- twisted
What kind of fracture is this?
It’s kind of tough to tell, but this is
a _ _ _ _ _ _ fracture.
Bone Repair:
1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:
• Increases speed and completeness of healing
• Send an electrical current to the site of the bone.
2. Ultrasound treatment:
• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones
by 25-35% (heat waves)
3. Vascular graft technique:
• Adding extra blood to the area to speed healing.
4. Bone substitutes:
• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and
hepatitis
• Sea bone- coral
• Artificial bone- ceramic
STOP!!
Discuss these questions with a partner:
1. What type of bones break the
easiest? Why?
2. What type of bones do not break
easily, why?
3. Why are blood vessels important in
bones and in repairing them?
Bone strength lab
• Bones and muscles interact to cause
movements
• Joints are the junction between bones that
allow movement.
• Three types of joints:
• Fibrous joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• Synovial joints
Immovable Joints (formed by a thin
layer of dense connective tissue)
suture
pubis symphisis
Slightly Movable Joint (Hyaline found inbetween vertebrae, end of long bones and
between ribs and sternum
Freely moveable
(includes most joints;
contain ligaments,
tendons and synovial
fluid for smooth
movement
Types of freely movable joints
1. Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb
2. Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joints
3. Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna
4. Hinge- up and own movement in one plane: knee and
elbow
5. Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and socket
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bones become lighter
and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• hormone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ , protein, or vitamin D
• smoking
Osteoporosis
29
40
84
92
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate
minerals in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- breaks down old bone
faster than it rebuilds new bone. Common
in old age.
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction effecting the joints surrounding
bones and movement.
Case study and research
Finish children story
Book work and practice
labeling and worksheets