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CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Assignment:
TXT p 178-179 #1-12
Materials:
Corrugated cardboard or foamboard
One-hole punch (or large nail)
Blue Marker (med. point)
Red Marker (med. point)
Scissors or other cutting instrument
Modeling the Skeleton
Instructions:
Create a model of the skeleton that is approx. 4 feet tall.
Label the parts included in the Axial Skeleton with the blue
marker and the parts included in the Appendicular
Skeleton with the red marker.
Label All Parts.
Notes: Tiny bones of the wrists and ankles can be put together as a
single piece and labeled as such. Inner bones of the ears can be
excluded. Skull bones should be drawn in and labeled with the
mandible created separate from the upper skull. Costal cartilage of
the rib cage should be colored.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
Skeleton
“Skeleton” means “dried up body” in
Greek.
Skeletal System =
bones of the skeleton, joints,
cartilages, and ligaments.
Skeleton is divided into two sections:
Axial skeleton = bones of longitudinal
axis
Appendicular skeleton = bones of
limbs and girdles
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Functions of Bones
1.
2.
3.
4.
Support (internal framework)
Protection (of organs)
Movement (with skeletal muscles)
Storage (fat, minerals – especially
calcium and phosphorus)
Calcium comes and goes from
bones continually as it is
needed in the blood.
5. Blood Cell Formation
(hematopoiesis) occurs in bone
marrow
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
1. Compact Bone = dense, smooth,
homogeneous
2. Spongy Bone = made of small
needlelike pieces of bone and
open spaces
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
TXT pg 136
Classification of Bones
1. Long Bones
Longer than wide
Head at each end
Mostly compact bone
Limb bones
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
1. Short Bones
Cube-shaped
Spongy bone
Ex. Wrist and ankle
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
1. Flat Bones
Thin, flattened, usually curved.
Two thin layers of compact
bone sandwiching spongy
bone.
Ex. Skull, ribs, and sternum.
135
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Classification of Bones
1. Irregular Bones
Don’t fit into other categories.
Ex. Vertebrae, hip bones.
Structure of a Long Bone
137
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Structure of a Long Bone
Red Marrow
Forms blood cells
Infants: all red marrow
Adults: only in spongy part
of bones.
Yellow Marrow
Adults only.
Make of mostly fat cells.
Can be converted back to red
marrow in cases of severe blood
loss.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Structure of a Long Bone
Gross Anatomy (See TXT pg 142 Table 5.1)
Bone Markings Categories:
Projections (Processes)
Grows out from bone surface.
Depressions (Cavities)
Indentations into the bone.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System Microscopic Anatomy
(See TXT pg 139 Fig 5.4)
Intro to Bone Structure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inqWoakkiTc
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Bone Growth (See TXT pg 140 Fig 5.5)
Bone Growth
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter6/animation__bone_growth_in_width.html
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Bone Growth
Osteoclasts
break bone
down.
Osteoblasts
rebuild bone.
Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts 2:12
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78RBpW
SOl08
Bone Modeling and Remodeling 4:14
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dV1Bw
e2v6c
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Bone Growth
Regulation of
bone growth
and destruction
is controlled by
two primary
proteins called
RANK Ligand
and OPG.
Regulation of Osteoclast Activity
2:31
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
GpMV197xZXc
RANK
Ligand
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Bone Fractures
When a bone
breaks:
1. A blood clot
forms filling the
break.
2. Connective
tissue forms
around the
sides of the
fracture.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Bone Fractures
When a bone
breaks:
3. New blood
vessels form.
4. Remodeling
occurs.
Anatomy of a Fracture 3:10
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5HwY
WShBhw show only up through
remodeling
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
(See TXT pg 145 Table 5.2)
Fractures
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
More Fractures online…
Click-on Fracture Animations
http://www.argosymedical.com/Skeletal/ind
ex.html
Fractures
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
(See TXT pg 144 Fig 5.7)
Stages of Healing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hematoma
Soft Callus
Bony Callus
Remodeling
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Reduction = repair of fractures.
Fractures
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Fractures
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System
Bone Aging
http://www.argosymedical.com/Skel
etal/samples/animations/Aging%20
Bone/index.html
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
(See TXT pg 146)
Axial Skeleton:
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
(See TXT pg 147)
The SKULL
Laterial View
of the Skull
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Ancient man following skull surgery.
This weird looking skull is the famous Starchild Skull that was
found
in 1930. The Starchild
Skull
wasindiscovered
in a mine tunnel
100,000-year-old
skull was
found
a cave
about
100 miles
southwest of Chihuahua, Mexico along with
in Qafzeh,
Israel,
several other normal skeletons.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Anterior View of
the Skull
149
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
8-13 yr old boy
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Sinus = any air filled
cavity
Process = projection
Foramen = hole or
opening
Suture = immovable
fibrous joints
between bones
Condyle = rounded
projection at the end
of a bone that
articulates with
another bone
142
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Paranasal Sinuses
Lighten the skull and warm inspired air.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Hyoid Bone
Not part of skull.
Only bone that does
not interact directly
with another bone.
Suspended and
anchored by
ligaments.
Moveable base for
tongue.
Attachment point for
swallowing.
Aids in speech.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Human Teeth
Teeth are not
made of bone.
They are made of
multiple layers of
a variety of
tissues.
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=f_Gdl
0C4CnY
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Human Teeth
There are a total
of 32 teeth in the
adult human.
Tooth shapes are
directly related to
their functions.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Fetal Skull
Face is small
compared to cranium.
Skull overall is large
for the body.
Cranial bones
connected by
fontanels which
harden post partem.
http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/quiz/practice/u5/quiztop5.htm
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Vertebral Column
Also called “spine.”
Before birth = 33 vertebrae
After birth = 24 vertebrae
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Vertebral Column
Separated into 5 major
sections:
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (mid back)
Lumbar (lower back)
Sacrum (top of tail)
Coccyx (tail bone)
152
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Vertebral Column
Intervertebral discs =
separate vertebrae
90% water
Dries as ages.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Vertebral Column
S-shaped structure
Provides flexibility
and prevents shock
to the brain
Primary curvatures
formed at birth
Thoracic and Sacral
Secondary curvatures
cervical – when baby begins raising head
lumbar – when baby begin walking
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Vertebral
Foramen
Body
Weight
bearing
Pedicle
Superior Articular
Process
Transverse
Process
Vertebral
Arch
Thoracic Vertebra
Lamina
Spinous Process
154
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
1st Vertebra: Atlas
Has no body
Holds occipital
condyles of skull
Allows nodding =
“yes”
Cervical Vertebra
2nd Vertebra: Axis
Acts as pivot for
rotation of skull
Allows side-to-side
motion = “no”
Dens: Pivot point
155
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Thoracic Vertebra
Supports ribs.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Lumbar Vertebra
Block-like body.
Most of stress on
spine occurs in
lumbar region.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Sacrum
Formed by fusion
of 5 vertebrae.
Alae = articulates
with hip bones.
Coccyx
Formed by fusion
of 3 vertebrae.
“Tailbone”
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Bony Thorax
Ribs:
True Ribs: 1st 7 ribs
Attach to sternum.
False Ribs: Last 5 ribs
Attach indirectly to
sternum or not attached
at all.
Last 2 false ribs are
“floating ribs” –
unattached.
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Bony Thorax
Sternum:
Manubrium Process
Body
Xiphoid process
easily broken during
CPR
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Disease of the Spine
Scoliosis is a lateral
curvature in the
normally strait line of
the spine.
Occurs most often
during the growth
spurt just before
puberty.
Severe scoliosis can
reduce the efficiency
of the lungs.
Scoliosis Animation
http://www.spine-health.com/video/scoliosis-video-what-scoliosis
154
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Disease of the Spine
Kyphosis is a forword
rounding of the upper
spine.
Most common in older
women where the
deformity is known as a
Dowager's hump
154
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Disease of the Spine
Lordosis is the
inward curvature of a
portion of the lumbar
and cervical
vertebral column.
Sometimes called
“swayback.”
154
CHAPTER 5A The Skeletal System / Bones
Disease of the Spine
Herniated disc is a
condition in which the
softer interior of a
vertebral disc has
pushed out through a
crack in the tougher
exterior.
Herniated disc animation
http://www.spine-health.com/video/lumbarherniated-disc-video
154
Any
Questions?
SELF-STUDY LABELING 5.3 – 5.19
http://wps.aw.com/bc_marieb_ehap_10/17
8/45726/11705870.cw/index.html
YOU SHOULD NOW BE ABLE TO:
1. List the parts of the skeleton, list the parts of the Axial Skeleton.
2. Distinguish between axial and appendicular skeletons.
3. List the functions of bones, distinguish between compact and
spongy bones, classify bones as long bones, flat bones, short bones,
or irregular bones.
4. Label and describe the structure of the long bone, including
marrows, bone markings, and internal bone structure.
5. Describe bone growth and aging processes, including the work of
osteoclasts and osteoblasts as well as RANK ligand and OPG, and
bone remodeling.
9. Describe what happens when a bone fractures, the types of
fractures, and types of reduction of fractures. Be able to identify
different fractures on sight.
10. Describe the stages of healing.
11. Be able to label the bones of the skull in lateral and frontal views.
12. Define sinus, process, foramen, suture, and condyle.
13. Be able to label the paranasal sinuses.
14. Label and describe the hyoid bone including its location and
special circumstances and function.
15. Realize that teeth are not made of bone and that there are 32 teeth
in the adult human.
16. Be able to identify difference between the adult skull and the fetal
skull.
17. How many vertebrae are in the adult vs. prebirth spine.
18. Know the separation of the vertebral column including the
number of vertebrae in each section.
19. Describe the intervertebral discs including structure, aging and
disease.
20. Describe the changes in the spine from fetal through adult.
21. Be able to label a thoracic vertebra and identify the weightbearing area.
22. Discuss the difference between the Atlas and Axis vertebrae
including their special shapes, how they interact with the spine, their
functions for movement of the head and special processes.
23. Describe the structure of the Sacrum and Coccyx.
24. Describe the structure of the bony thorax including differentiation
between true and false ribs, how the ribs are attached, and the
structure of the sternum.
25. Describe the effects of scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis on the
spine.