Chapter 35  Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Student Guided Notes
Concept 35.1 Plants have a hierarchical organization consisting of organs, tissues, and cells.
o A tissue is a _____________________________________________, consisting of one or more
types, which perform a specific function.
o An _______________________ consists of several types of tissues that work together to carry out
particular functions.
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
(Previously called DICOTS)
One cotyledon
__________ cotyledons
(Single seed leaf)
(Double Seed Leaf)
Leaf Venation
Veins are __________________
Veins are __________________
Stems
Vascular bundles usually complexly
Vascular bundles usually arranged
arranged
in a ___________________
Roots
Fibrous
_______________________
Flowers
Flowers in multiples of ____
Multiples of ____ or ____
Embryos
**Remember, Monocots and Eudicots (Dicots) are Phylum ______________________________ and each
group is monophyletic.
Vascular plants have three basic organs: ___________________, _______________________, and
__________________________________.
o Vascular plants obtain __________________________ and _____________________ from the soil.
o Vascular plants obtain ______________ and ______________________ above ground.

To obtain the resources they need, vascular plants have two systems: a subterranean ________________
system and an aerial ________________________ system of stems and _________________________.
Roots provide anchorage, absorption, and storage.

A root is ___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________, absorbs minerals and water,
and often stores carbohydrates. They have epidermal tissue, but no waxy cuticle (like leaves do).
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
Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a _____________________________ system, consisting of one
large vertical root (the taproot.)
o The taproot produces many small _________________________________ roots, also called branch
roots.
o Taproot systems generally penetrate deeply and are well adapted to __________________________.

In most monocots, such as grasses, many small (adventitious) roots grow from the stem.
o A fibrous root system is usually _______________________________ than a taproot system and is
best adapted to shallow soils with light __________________________________.

In both taproot and fibrous root systems, absorption of water and minerals occurs near the root tips,
where vast numbers of tiny ____________________________ enormously increase the ____________
___________________________.
Stems consist of alternating nodes and internodes.

A ___________________ is an organ that raises or separates leaves, exposing them to _____________.

A stem consists of alternating nodes, _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________, and internodes, the __________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
o In the angle formed by each leaf and the stem is an _______________________________________
with the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch.

The growth of a young shoot is usually concentrated at its ___________________, where there is an
____________________________ bud, or _____________________________ bud.
The presence of a terminal bud is partly responsible for _______________________________
____________________________, a phenomenon called ______________________________.
o If the ________________________________ bud is removed, the axillary buds break dormancy and
give rise to lateral shoots complete with their own apical buds, leaves, and axillary buds.
o This is why _______________________________ trees and shrubs makes them bushier.

Modified shoots with diverse functions have evolved in many plants (examples: tubers and bulbs.)
____________________________ are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants.

The leaf is the primary site of ____________________________________ organs in most plants.
o They consist of a flattened _________________ and a stalk, the ________________, which joins the
leaf to a stem node. They are also covered by a waxy cuticle that helps ______________________.
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Plant organs are composed of three tissue systems: _______________________, _______________________,
and ___________________________.

The _____________________________________ system is the plant’s outer protective covering (aka
epidermis or “skin”.)
o The epidermis of leaves and most stems secretes a waxy ________________________, which helps the
plant _________________________________.

The _____________________________________ system is involved in _______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________.
o Xylem conducts _______________________ and ___________________________________
upward from __________________________ into the __________________________.
o Phloem transports _____________________, the products of ______________________________,
to the roots and sites of growth, such as developing ______________________ and _____________
(up AND down.)


The vascular tissue of a root or stem is called the __________________________.
The ______________________________________ system is tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular.
o Ground tissue is divided into ____________________, internal to vascular tissue, and
______________________, external to the ____________________________ tissue.
o The functions of ground tissue include _______________________________,
_________________________________, and _______________________________.
Plant tissues are composed of three basic cell types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.

Plant cells are differentiated, with each type of plant cell possessing structural adaptations that make
specific functions possible.
Parenchyma

Have primary walls that are _________________________________________________________;
most lack __________________________________________.

Often depicted as “typical” plant cells because they generally are the _________________________.

Perform most of the ______________________________________________ of the plant,
synthesizing and storing various organic products. Examples: photosynthesis, contain plastids, fleshy
tissue of fruit
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
Most parenchyma cells retain the ability to _____________________ and _____________________
into other cell types under special conditions, such as the repair and replacement of organs after
injury to the plant. Thus, these cells can de-differentiate for plant tissue cultures.
Collenchyma

Have ___________________________________________________ than parenchyma cells,
although the walls are _______________________________. They lack _________________ walls.

Grouped into strands or cylinders, collenchyma cells help support ___________________________
___________________________________________________.
Sclerenchyma

Have thick secondary walls usually strengthened by _____________________________; they
function as supporting elements of the plant.

Sclerenchyma cells are much more _________________________ than collenchyma cells.

Unlike parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells cannot _______________________________.
o Sclerenchyma cells occur in plant regions that have ________________________________.
More on Xylem and Phloem 
Xylem:

The water-conducting elements of xylem, ______________________ and
______________________________, are elongated cells that are ____________ at functional maturity.

Tracheids are ____________________________________________________________________,
hardened with lignin.

Vessel elements are generally _______________________________________________________,
and less ___________________________ than tracheids, and are aligned to form long micropipes.
Phloem:

In the phloem, sucrose, other organic compounds, and some mineral ions move through tubes formed by
chains of cells called ______________________________________________.

Sieve-tube elements are ___________________________ at functional maturity, although a sievetube element lacks a ____________________, __________________________, and a distinct
______________________________.
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o The end walls, the ________________________________, have pores that facilitate the flow
of fluid between cells.

Each sieve-tube element has a non-conducting nucleated _________________________________,
connected to the sieve-tube element by ___________________________________.

Sieve tube elements move the sucrose solution by a process called ___________________________.
Concept 35.2 Different meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth.

Unlike growth of many animals, plant growth is not limited to an ____________________________ or
______________________________ period.
o Most plants demonstrate ________________________________________, growing as long as the
plant lives.

A plant is capable of indeterminate growth because it has perpetually undifferentiated tissues called
________________________________. (Meristems  Lifelong growth!)
o There are two main types: ___________________ meristems and __________________ meristems.
o The pattern of growth depends on the ______________________________ of the meristems

APICAL MERISTEMS, located at the tips of ____________________ and in axillary buds of
_____________________, supply cells for the plant to grow in length. (primary growth  length)
o This elongation enables roots to ___________________________________________ and shoots to
________________________________________________________________________________.

_________________________ plants also show secondary growth, progressive thickening of roots
and shoots where primary growth has ceased. (secondary growth  ___________________________)
o Secondary growth is produced by __________________________ MERISTEMS, cylinders of
dividing cells that extend along the lengths of roots and shoots (“sideways” rather than “up and
down”). There are two lateral meristems:
o The _____________________________________________ adds layers of vascular tissue called
secondary xylem (_________________________) and secondary phloem.
o Plants with vascular cambium with lignified cell walls are called woody plants (not
herbaceous)
o The _____________________________________ replaces the __________________________
with thicker, tougher periderm.
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
__________________________ complete their life cycle—from germination to flowering to seed
production to death—in a single year or less.

The lives of ______________________________ span two years, with _______________________
_______________________________________ in the second year.

Plants such as trees, shrubs, and some grasses that live many years are ________________________.
Concept 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots.
Roots show primary growth.

The root tip is covered by a thimble-like __________________________, which protects the
________________________________.

Growth occurs just behind the root tip in three overlapping zones of cells.

The _________________________________________________ includes the root apical meristem.

The zone of cell division blends into the ______________________________________________,
where cells elongate and is responsible for _________________________________________,
including the meristem, into the ________________________.

In the zone of differentiation (aka zone of maturation), cells ______________________________
____________________________________ and become distinct cell types.

The primary growth of roots produces the ____________________________, ____________________
tissue, and ______________________________ tissue.

Water and minerals absorbed from the soil must enter the plant through the ______________________,
a single layer of cells covering the root.
o Root hairs greatly increase the __________________________________ of the epidermis.

In angiosperm roots, the _________________________ is a vascular cylinder with a solid core of
__________________________ and ____________________________.

The ground tissue of roots consists of _______________________________ cells that fill the cortex, the
region between the vascular cylinder and the epidermis (the innermost layer of cortex is
_____________________________________.)

When plant stems are cut, roots will develop at the cut end which is opposite the _________________.
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3 Primary Meristems:
_________________________________  dermal tissue (epidermis)
_________________________________  vascular tissue (stele = vascular bundle in the center of
roots; contains xylem and phloem)
_________________________________  ground tissue
Concept 35.4 Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants.

Secondary growth, the growth in ______________________________ produced by
_________________________ meristems, occurs in stems and roots of ________________________
plants, but rarely in leaves.

Secondary growth consists of the tissues produced by the ______________________________ and
______________________________________.
o The vascular cambium adds secondary __________________________ (wood) and secondary
phloem, increasing vascular flow and support for the _______________________________ system.
o The cork cambium produces a tough, thick covering consisting of wax-impregnated cells that protect
the stem from water loss and invasion by insects, bacteria, and fungal spores.

Bark is ___________________________________________________________________________,
including secondary phloem (produced by the vascular cambium), the most recent periderm, and all the
outer layers of periderm.
Concept 35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and cell differentiation produce the plant body.

The specific series of changes by which cells form ______________________, __________________,
and _________________________________ is called development.

There are three overlapping processes in development:
o Growth is an irreversible ____________________________________________________.
o _______________________________________ is the process that gives a tissue, organ, or
organism its shape and determines the positions of cell types. (pattern formation = specific
structure in specific location)
o Cell differentiation is the process by which cells with the same genes _____________________
______________________________________________________________________________.
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o RECALL: plants have developmental plasticity (totipotency)
o When a new plant is grown in culture, the parenchyma must first DE-DIFFERENTIATE and
then it can differentiate again.
o Cuttings reflect the period in which they were formed (example: to get plant features from
the juvenile form, must take cuttings from areas formed in that period)
ALSO REMEMBER Plants need adaptations to respond to heat and water loss including:
-
Stomates that can open and close
-
A fibrous root system
-
Mycorrhizae (symbiotic fungus on the roots to help get water)
-
Waxy cuticle
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