Q: What did the skeleton say while riding
his Harley Davidson motorcycle?
A: I'm bone to be wild!
Q: What do you call a cold skeleton?
A: A numb-skull!
Functions of Bones
Support -pillars & cradles soft organs
Protection-skull, vertebrae, rib cage
Movement-attachment for muscles
Storage -Ca , P ; fat in bone marrow
Hematopoiesis-blood cell formation
2+
3-
in marrow cavities
Classification of Bones
• AXIAL SKELETON
– SKULL
– VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
– RIB CAGE
• APPENDICULAR
SKELETON
–
–
–
–
UPPER LIMBS
LOWER LIMBS
SHOULDER BONES
HIP BONES
Classification of Bones
• Compact
– Dense
– Looks smooth
– homogeneous
• Spongy
– Open spaces
– Small needle like
pieces
Classification of Bones
Shape
• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones
5
Long Bones
• longer than
wide
• shaft
compact bone
• ends
spongy bone
• bones of
limbs & digits
Short Bones
• cube-like
• spongy bone
with compact
shell
• bones of
wrist and
ankle
Flat Bones
• thin, flattened
slightly curved
• spongy bone
between
compact bone
• sternum,
cranial bones
Irregular Bones
• odd-shaped
• spongy bone
surrounded by
compact bone
• vertebra, hip
bones
Structure of Long Bone
• Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an
epiphysis
• Diaphysis
– Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long
bones
– Composed of compact bone that surrounds
the medullary cavity
– Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the
medullary cavity
Structure of Long Bone
• Epiphyses
– Ends of long bones
– Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is
spongy bone
– Joint surface is covered with articular
(hyaline) cartilage
– Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from
the epiphyses
• Remnant of epiphyseal plate seen in young
growing bones before puberty.
Bone Membranes
• Periosteum – double-layered protective
membrane
– Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective
tissue
– Inner osteogenic layer is composed of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
– Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and
lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via
nutrient foramina
– Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s
(perforating) fibers
• Endosteum – delicate membrane covering
internal surfaces of bone
Structure of Short, Irregular, and
Flat Bones
• Thin plates of periosteum-covered
compact bone on the outside with
endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë)
on the inside
• Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
• Contain bone marrow between the
trabeculae
Structure of a Flat Bone
Figure 6.4
Location of Hematopoietic
Tissue (Red Marrow)
• In infants
– Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of
spongy bone
• In adults
– Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the
head of the femur and humerus
Microscopic Structure of Bone:
Compact Bone
• Haversian system, or osteon – the
structural unit of compact bone
– Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix
tubes composed mainly of collagen
– Haversian, or central canal – central channel
containing blood vessels and nerves
– Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right
angles to the central canal, connecting blood
and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of
the Haversian canal
Microscopic Structure of Bone:
Compact Bone
• Lacunae – small cavities in bone that
contain osteocytes
• Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect
lacunae to each other and the central
canal
Chemical Composition of Bone:
Organic
• Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells
• Osteocytes – mature bone cells
• Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or
break down bone matrix
• Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix
composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins,
and collagen
Bone Remodeling Cycle
Osteoporosis
Chemical Composition of Bone:
Inorganic
• Mineral salts
– Sixty-five percent of bone by mass
– Mainly calcium phosphates
– Responsible for bone hardness and its
resistance to compression
Bone Markings
• Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve
as:
– Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,
and tendons
– Joint surfaces
– Conduits for blood vessels and nerves
The Axial Skeleton
• Eighty bones segregated into three
regions
– Skull
– Vertebral column
– Bony thorax
The Skull
• The skull, the body’s most complex bony
structure, is formed by the cranium and facial
bones
• Cranium – protects the brain and is the site of
attachment for head and neck muscles
• Facial bones
– Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs,
and the teeth
– Provide openings for the passage of air and food
– Anchor the facial muscles of expression
Anatomy of the Cranium
• Eight cranial bones – two parietal, two
temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and
ethmoid
• Cranial bones are thin and remarkably
strong for their weight
Skull: Anterior View
Skull: Posterior View
Skull: Lateral View
Figure 7.3a
Cranial & Facial Bones & Markings
•
Frontal (1)
–
–
•
•
Parietal (2)
Occipital (1)
–
–
–
•
zygomatic process
mandibular fossa
external acoustic meatus
styloid process
mastoid process
carotid canal
Sphenoid (1)
–
–
•
foramen magnum
occipital condyles
external occipital protuberance
Temporal (2)
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
glabella
frontal sinuses
optic canal
sella turcica
Ethmoid (1)
–
–
crista galli
nasal concha
•
Maxilla (2)
– alveolar margin
– infraorbital foramen
•
•
•
Palantine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Lacrimal (2)
– lacrimal fossa
•
•
•
•
Nasal (2)
Inferior nasal concha (2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)
–
–
–
–
–
mandibular notch
ramus
coronoid process
alveolar margin
mental foramen
• Hyoid bone
• Paranasal sinuses
•Sutures
Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body
Figure 6.1
Skeletal Cartilages
All bones begin as cartilage or
fibrous connective tissue membranes
Basic structure
• mostly water (resiliency)
• avascular, no nerves
• surrounded by perichondrium
• chondrocytes in matrix
Hyaline cartilage
• fine collagen fibers
• flexibility and resilience
• bone ends, costal, nasal, etc
Elastic cartilage
• elastic fibers
• ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
• thick collagen fibers--pressure
• vertebral discs, menisci
Cartilage Growth
Appositional
• new cells under perichondrium
• increase thickness
Interstitial
• chondrocytes divide, new matrix
• increases length
Human Anat-Phys Oct. 2010
TUES
WED
19
20
notes: bone tissue
pre-lab: overview
lab: bone tissue
21
finish lab handout
review
FRI
22
quiz: bone tissue
cranial & facial btk
MON
25
THUR
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Anat-Phys ASSIGNMENTS
class syllabus
all starts quarter 2
notes: bone tissue
bone markings 18 terms
pre-lab: overview
lab: bone tissue
quiz: bone tissue
coloring: cranial & facial bones
PTS
------18
--20
28
---
Adolescence--growth stops
With aging cartilage calcifies
• normal to certain extent
• not bone
microscopic anatomy
• compact bone
– filled tiny weight
bearing pillars called
osteons
• spongy bone
periosteum
endosteum
Anat/Phys Wed. 10-19-11
• Start
– this will be on the quiz (write it down):
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
axial & appendicular skeleton
bone classification based on shape & one example
examples of the function of bones
hematopoesis—location and definition
diaphysis vs epiphysis
define endosteum, periosteum, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast
be able to label the diagrams from your study guide
• Today
– finish notes: bone
– work on study guide chap. 6
Anat/Phys Fri. 10-06-06
• Start
– this will be on the quiz:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
–
–
–
–
axial & appendicular skeleton
bone classification based on shape & one example
examples of the function of bones
hematopoesis—location and definition
diaphysis vs epiphysis
define endosteum, periosteum, osteoblast
be able to label articular cartilage, diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum,
endosteum, artery, spongy bone, compact bone, yellow marrow
you must take and complete the quiz in class today
closed notes, closed book
you have 40 minutes of class
begin when you are ready
• Today- work on study guide after the quiz
Using figure 6.3 pg 180 complete #5 in your packet; include these
labels: *diaphysis, epiphyses,*epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage,
spongy bone, compact bone, *red marrow, *yellow marrow, artery
periosteum, endosteum, (*=color these)
endosteum
anat/phys Wed. 10-17-07
•
Start
–
–
–
Describe the basic composition of cartilage.
List three types of skeletal cartilage and examples
of where you can find each
What is a chondrocyte?
• Today
– notes & discussion: bones & skeletal tissue
– quiz Monday on bones & skeletal tissue notes
endosteum
Using figure 6.3 pg 180 complete #5 in your
packet; include these
labels: *diaphysis, epiphyses,*epiphyseal
plate, articular cartilage,
spongy bone, compact bone, *red marrow,
*yellow marrow, artery
periosteum, endosteum, (*=color these)