Biology 112 Exam Review
June 2011
This guide outlines the Units covered in this course. Review your resources, including your
text, your notes and handouts and the PowerPoint files on the wikispace. Take some time and
look at the review questions that are listed in this guide.
A. Introduction to Biology (Chapter 1 and 7)
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What is Science? (P 3)
Steps for controlling an experiment
 Review spontaneous generation experiments (P 11-12)
How theories develop
Characteristics of living things (P 15)
What is Biology?
Who developed the first microscope?
Compare the TEM and SEM microscopes vs. Compound light: (P 169-171)
Review parts of the compound light microscope. (P 1070)
 How to make a wet mount? (P 1071) including the purpose of iodine.
The magnification of the ocular lens is ________X
Formulas:
- Magnification of microscope (X): ocular lens X objective lens
Magnification of microscope
40X
100X
400X
- Actual size of specimen (mm):
- Magnification of specimen (X):
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Field of view
# of specimens to fit across field of view
Size of Specimen
Actual size
Using the above formulas:
 Calculate the actual size of a specimen.
 Calculate the magnification of a specimen.
What are the rules for biological diagrams?
What is abiogenesis vs biogenesis?
What are the 3 components of the cell theory? (P 170)
Compare a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic cell. (P 172-173)
Cells: (P 175-181)
 Animal Cell – organelles and their function.
 Plant Cell – organelles and their functions.
Levels of organization (P 192)
 Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Significance and characteristics of the Cell Membrane (P 182 – 189)
 How does material pass or travel through the cell membrane?
 Describe the Fluid Mosaic Model
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Field of view
4.2 mm
1.72 mm
0.42 mm
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Properties of the lipid bilayer
Compare hydrophobic region to hydrophilic region
Classification of Membrane Protein: integral, peripheral and lipid-bound proteins
Compare passive transport to active transport
Compare diffusion to osmosis
Compare endocytosis to exocytosis
Compare phagocytosis to pinocytosis
Chapter 1 Practice Questions:
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7: 1 - 6
14: 5
22: 1 – 6
28: 1 - 3
31: 1 – 12, 15, 18, 19, 20
Chapter 7 Practice Questions:
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B. Taxonomy - Classification and Diversity (Chapter 18)
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What is taxonomy? (P 447)
Who is Carolus Linnaeus?
 What is binomial nomenclature?
 What are the seven taxonomic categories in order (smallest to largest)?
What is a dichotomous key and how is it used?
 Practice scientific classification using a dichotomous key (P 462 – 463)
What is phylogeny and how does the system work?
 What is a clades?
 Practice interpreting cladograms.
What is the “Tree of Life” and why is it significant?
Identify the 3 domains
 General characteristics of each kingdom within its domain (P 459 – Table)
Identify the 6 kingdoms
If two organisms are in the phylum, they must belong to the same __________.
Chapter 18 Practice Questions: Page
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C. Bacteria and Viruses (Chapter 19)
Chapter 19 Bacteria
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What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria? (P 472)
Label parts of a bacterium (Figure 19-2).
What are the characteristics of a prokaryote? (P 473)
What are three shapes of bacteria? (P 473)
What is the purpose of gram-staining? Consider color (P 473)
How does a prokaryote obtain energy? (P 473)
What is the difference between obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes and facultative
anaerobes? (P 474)
What are the three methods of reproduction in bacteria? (P 475)
What is binary fission? (P 475)
What is conjugation in bacteria? (P 475)
What is an endospore and why is it important to bacteria? (P 475)
Why are bacteria so important to the living world? (P 476)
What is nitrogen fixation? (P 476)
Bacteria Growth Lab.
 What material was used to grow bacteria?
 What is agar?
What are antibiotics?
Chapter 19 Viruses
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What are the general characteristics of a virus? (P 478)
What are the three basic structures of a virus? (P 479)
 What parts do all viruses have in common?
What is a T4-bacteriophage? (P 479)
Describe the lysogenic (dormant) cycle. (P 480)
Describe the lytic (active) cycle. (P 480)
What is a retrovirus? (P 482)
Why is there controversy as to whether a virus is living or non-living? (P 483)
What is a pathogen? (P 485)
Do viruses and bacteria cause disease in the same way? Explain. (P 485, 488)
What is the difference between viroids and prions? (P490)
How do viruses enter the body?
Identify four ways viruses spread.
What role does the immune system have in fighting a virus?
Do you think viral infections are difficult to treat? Why or why not?
What is a vaccination and how are they used to protect against some viral diseases?
What is virology?
Compare a virus to a bacterium. Examples of viruses and bacteria
Why do antibiotics normally work on bacteria but not viruses?
Chapter 19 Practice Questions: Page
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D. Protists (Chapter 20)
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What are the characteristics of protists? (P 497)
How are they different from other groups? (P 497)
What are the three main groups of protists? (P 498)
 What characteristics distinguish plant-like protists from animal-like protists?
 Give examples of each group.
What is another name for Animal-like Protists? (P 499)
What are the four types of Animal-like Protists? (P 499)
 How is the main distinguishing feature?
What is a pseudopod and how does it work? (P 500)
What is amoeboid movement? (P 500)
 See Figure 20-4. The amoeba.
What is the function of cilia on the surface of Paramecium? (Think lab) (P 501-502)
 See Figure 20-5. The paramecium.
What is malaria and how is it spread? (P 503)
 What is the vector for malaria?
 What are symptoms of malaria?
What are volvox? What do they look like? (P 512 and lab)
Why are protists important to life in pond habitat?
What is the difference between holozoic and saprozoic? (See Notes)
Compare protists to prokaryotes.
Review Protist Lab.
Chapter 20 Practice Questions: Page 498: 1 - 5
Page 523: 1 – 8, 13, 14, 15
E. Kingdom Animalia (Chapters 26, 27, 28, 30, 32)
Chapter 26 Intro to Kingdom Animalia
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What is an animal? (P 657)
Compare invertebrates to vertebrates. (P 657)
Essential functions performed by all animals. (P658-659)
Practice interpreting Phylogenic Tree on Animal Evolution, Figure 26-3. (P 660)
What is the difference between protosome and deuterostomes? (P 661)
 See Figure 26-4
What are the three germ layers in all animals (except sponges)? (P 661)
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What are the two types of body symmetry? (P 662)
Describe cephalization and its significance. (P 663)
What is the difference Subkingdom Parazoa versus Subkingdom Metazoa?
Characteristics common in animals.
Review dissection terms. (Handout)
INVERTEBRATES
Chapter 26 Phylum Porifera
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Why is the phylum name Porifera appropriate for sponges?
 Characteristics of a sponge (P 664) - See Figure 26-8
Cells of a sponge. (P 665)
 What are the functions of choanocytes (also known as collar cells)?
 What are the functions of archaeocytes (also known as amebocytes)
What are spicules composed of? (P 665)
What is filter feeding? (P 665)
How does water move through a sponge?
What do sponges rely on for proper respiration, circulation and excretion? (P 666)
How do sponges protect themselves? (P 666)
 Describe sexual reproduction in sponges. (P 666) - See Figure 26-9
 Which stage(s) of the sponge are motile? Are sessile?
What methods are used to asexually reproduce? (P 667)
 Under what conditions would a sponge form gemmules?
Why are sponges important to ecosystems? (P 667)
Which subkingdom do sponges below in?
What is an ostia?
Which germ layers do sponges have?
Chapter 26 Phylum Cnidaria
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Characteristics of a Cnidarian. Give examples. See Figure 26-11 (P 669)
 What is the purpose of a cnidocyte (stinging cell) and where is it found?
 What is a nematocyst and where is it found?
What are the two stages of a cnidarian life cycle? (P 670)
 Do all cnidarians have these two stages?
 Which stage is the body plan of an adult jelly fish? Of an adult hydra?
What are the three tissue layers in cnidarians? (P 670)
How is undigested food removed in cnidarians? (P 670)
How do cnidarians eliminate their waste? (P 670)
What is the purpose of a nerve net? (P 670)
What is the purpose of a hydrostatic skeleton? (p 670)
 Do all cnidarians have a hydrostatic skeleton?
Most cnidarians reproduce sexually and asexually. (P 672)
 What asexual methods do cnidarians use?
 How do polyps reproduce?
 When cnidarians use sexual reproduction, what type of fertilization takes place?
Are hydras carnivorous? What do they eat?
HYDRA LAB
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Review the labeled diagram.
What is the body shape of an adult hydra? Is the adult sessile or motile?
Why was a depression slide used for this lab?
What is the risk of using a live specimen?
Chapter 26 Practice Questions: Page
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Chapter 27 Worms
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Do all worms exhibit bilateral symmetry?
All worms have 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Chapter 27 Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
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Characteristics of flatworms. (P 683)
 What does it mean to be an acoelomate?
 What is cephalization?
Feeding and excretion in flatworms. Refer to Figure 27-3 for clarity. (P 684)
 How many openings in the digestive cavity?
 How do flatworms feed?
 What is the pharynx and where is it located?
 How do flatworms remove waste? What is a flame cell?
What type of circulatory system?
See Figure 27-3 for organization of a flatworm (P 685)
 Do flatworms have a brain?
 What is the purpose of the eyespot?
How do flatworms reproduce? (P 686)
Key characteristics of Class Turbellaria
 Are classes free-living or parasitic?
 Review notes on Planaria.
 If a planaria is split into two parts, what will happen?
Key characteristics of Class Trematoda
 Are classes free-living or parasitic?
 What is the purpose of the cuticle?
 Where are they found?
 What is the potential danger when removing a fluke?
Key characteristics of Class Cestoda
 Are classes free-living or parasitic?
 What are proglottids?
 What is the danger when removing a tapeworm?
Chapter 27 Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)
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Characteristics of roundworms (P 689)
 How many openings in the digestive cavity?
 What is a pseudocoelem?
How do roundworms sexually reproduce? (P 690)
How is waste removed? (P 690)
What is a hookworm and how does it spread?
Chapter 27 Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)
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Characteristics of segmented worms. (P 694)
 How do segments differ from proglottids?
 What is the purpose of setae?
What is the difference between the gizzard and the crop? (P 695)
What is a closed circulatory system? (P 695)
What are the two major blood vessels? (P 695)
How do segmented worms breathe? Aquatic and land dwelling. (P 696)
Do annelids have a nervous system? What does it include? (P 696)
What is the purpose of the nephridia? (P 696)
What methods do annelids use for reproduction? (P 696)
What is the clitellum and how does it help with reproduction? (P 696)
What are three main classes of Phylum Annelida? (P 697-698)
 Key characteristics of Class Oligochaeta (Earthworms). See Figure 27-16.
 Which class contains leeches?
What is the purpose of the peritoneum?
EARTHWORM DISSECTION LAB
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Review labeled image of the earthworm.
List the organs (in order) that are part of the digestive process in the earthworm. Begin at
the mouth.
How do earthworms reproduce?
What are the two major blood vessels in the circulatory system?
How many hearts does the earthworm have?
Chapter 28 Phylum Arthropoda
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What are the three basic characteristics of an arthropod? (P 715)
 What is chitin?
What do tracheal tubes, book lungs and featherlike gills have in common? (P 717)
What type of circulatory system do arthropods have? (P 717)
 What is the haemoceol?
What are malpighian tubules (P 717)
Do all arthropods have a brain? (P 718)
All arthropods molt. How does molting happen? (P 719)
Review the Arthropod Coloring Worksheet packet (Handout)
Chapter 28 Groups of Arthropods
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What are the characteristics of Subphyla Chelicera? (P 722)
 What are the two major body segments?
 How many legs do they normally have?
What are the characteristics of Subphyla Mandibulata?
 What are the three major body segments?
 How many pairs of walking legs do these subphyla normally have?
 Does this subphyla have antennae?
 What is a mandible?
To which subphyla does the Grasshopper belong? the Spider belong? The insect belong?
What are primary characteristics of Class Crustacea? Class Diplopoda? Class Chilopoda?
Can you give examples of each. (Handout)
GRASSHOPPER DISSECTION LAB
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Review the labeled diagram from lab and coloring sheet. (Handout)
Why did you wash the grasshopper off before examining it?
What is the function of the labrum, mandibles, maxillae and labium?
What is the function of tracheal tubes? Spiracles?
How can you determine the grasshoppers sex?
VERTEBRATES
Chapter 30 Phylum Chordata
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What four characteristics do all chordates share? (P 767)
 What is the function of a notochord?
 What is the function of a pharyngeal pouch?
Phylum Chordata is broken into three groups: Subphyla Vertebrae, Subphyla Tunicates and
Subphyla Lancelets
 What is the function of a vertebrae? (P 768)
 What does a vertebrae replace in some chordates? (P 768)
 What are the two subphyla that are nonvertebrates (do not have a backbone)? (P 769)
 What do the nonvertebrates have instead of a backbone? (P 769)
Subphyla Vertebrae can be broken down into 7 classes. What are they?
Chapter 30 Fishes
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What characteristics do all fish posses? (P 771)
 What are the functions of the scales? The fins? The gills? (P 771)
Fins were the second important evolutionary change, what was the first? (P 773)
 Why was it important?
 How were the pectoral and pelvic fins attached following the evolutionary change?
 What is cartilage?
What structures do fish use for gas exchange (to breathe)? (P 775)
 What are filaments?
 What is the benefit of a fish having an operculum?
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Why is the African lungfish unique? (P 775)
What type of circulatory system do fishes have?
 How many chambers are in a fish’s heart? (P 776)
How do fishes remove waste from their bodies? (P 776)
Which part of the fish’s brain is responsible for smell? (P 777)
What is the function of the lateral line? (P 777)
How does the swim bladder help with movement? (P 777)
Compare oviparous, ovoviviparous and viviparous. (P 778)
What are three main groups of modern day fishes? (P 778 - 780)
 Give examples for each of the groups.
 What characteristics are unique for the each group?
 Which group is lacking a backbone?
 Which group has a skeleton comprised of cartilage?
 Which group includes ray-finned fishes?
 Which group includes lobe-finned fishes?
Compare lampreys to hagfishes. (P 778)
What is the difference between anadromous and catadromous? (P 781)
PERCH DISSECTION LAB
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Review the lab questions and the labeled diagram. (See Figure 30-6)
Name the fins and describe their function.
In order, name the digestive organs through which food passes.
What is the function of gill rakers.
How does the external coloration help protect the fish from predators?
How did you distinguish the sex of your fish?
F. Plant Diversity / Roots, Stems and Leaves (Chapter 22 / 23)
Chapter 22 Plant Diversity
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Using the plant study table, compare:
 Land plants = nonvascular vs. vascular.
 Vascular = seedless vs. seed.
 Seed plants = gymnosperms vs. angiosperms.
What is a plant? (P 551)
What does alternation of generations mean? (P 552)
Compare sporophytes to gametophytes. (P 552)
What are four things plants need to survive? (P. 552)
What do evolutionary scientists believe the first plants came from? (P 554)
What are the four main groups of plants? Which has the greatest group? (P. 555)
What are general characteristics of Bryophytes? (P 556)
What are the three groups of Bryophytes? (P 556-557)
What is necessary to ensure fertilization of Bryophytes? (P 558)
How is the water transport system different in ferns compared to bryophytes?
What are examples of seedless vascular plants?
What is the dominant generation of the life cycle of the fern? (P 562)
 Which generation has the plant stage we recognize as a fern?
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Is water necessary for reproduction in the life cycle of ferns? (P 562)
What are the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms? (P 564)
 Consider cones versus flowers,
What three adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without water? (P564)
In seed plants, compare pollination to fertilization. (P 565)
What are the four groups of gymnosperms? (P 566-567)
What are the parts of a flower? Think Flower Dissection Lab.
 What is pollen?
 How does pollination differ from fertilization?
What is the purpose of fruit in a flowering plant? (P 589)
Characteristics of monocot and dicots. What makes them different? Figure 22-25 (P 570)
What is the difference between annuals, biennuals and perennials? (P 571 - 572)
Chapter 23 Roots, Stems and Leaves
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Characteristics of three tissue systems of plants: dermal, vascular, ground (P 580)
What are the differences between xylem and phloem. (P 581)
 How do materials and fluids move through plants?
Cell types that make up ground tissue. (P. 582)
How plants grow? Think types of meristems. (P582-583)
Compare the two types of roots: taproots to fibrous roots. (P 584)
 What is a radicle?
 Function of roots.
What are the important functions of stems? (P 589)
Review parts of a stem.
Layers of growth in a mature tree. Figure 23-15
Leaf structure. Review the parts of the Leaf (P 596)
 See Figure 23-18
What are stomata and how do they function? (P 597)
 See Figure 23-19
LEAF ANATOMY LAB:
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What are the parts of the leaf?
 What are the functions of these parts?
 What are the locations of these parts?
How does gas exchange occur in the leaf?
Chapter 24: Reproduction of Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
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What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms? (P 609)
What are the parts of a flower? (P 612)
What are the reproductive structures of an angiosperm? (P 612)
What is pollination? How does pollination take place?
What is an endosperm?
What is double fertilization?
FLOWER DISSECTION LAB / MONOCOT AND DICOTS SLIDE LAB:
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What were the main differences between the monocots and dicots in the slides?
What are the parts of the Flower (see Diagram)?
Which are the female parts? Male parts?
Chapter 22 Practice Questions: Page
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Chapter 23 Practice Questions: Page
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Chapter 24 Practice Questions : Page 616 : 1 - 4
Page 629 : 1 – 6, 16, 17, 22
Page 631 : 1- 4
DIAGRAMS TO REVIEW / LABEL
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Microscope
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacteria
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Virus
Amoeba
Paramecium
Sponge
Hydra
Worm
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Grasshopper (External)
Perch (External)
Flower
Stem
Leaf
Monocot vs Dicots
Chapter 1 and 7: Introduction to Biology Terms
Chapter 1
Chap.7-1
Chapter 7-2
Chapter 7-3
Chapter 7-4
Science
Observation
Data
Quantitative
Qualitative
Inference
Hypothesis
Spontaneous generation
Redi
Pasteur
Controlled experiment
Manipulated variable
Responding variable
Theory
Biology
Homeostasis
Cell
Cell theory
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Organelle
Cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Chromosome
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Endoplasmic reticulum
(smooth / rough)
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Phospholipid
Concentration
Diffusion
Equilibrium
Osmosis
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Passive transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Cell specialization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Chapter 18: Classification and Diversity Terms
Chapter 18-1
Taxonomy
Binomial nomenclature
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Taxon
Chap.18-2
Chapter 18-3
Phylogeny
Evolutionary classification
Clades
Cladogram
Domain
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Peptidoglycan
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Chapter 19: Bacteria and Viruses Terms
Chapter 19-1
Eubacteria
Flagella
Pilli
Peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Prokaryote
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
Gram positive stain
Gram negative stain
Chemoheterotroph
Photoheterotroph
Photoautotroph
Cyanobacteria
Chemoautotroph
Obligate aerobe
Obligate anaerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Binary fission
Conjugation
Endospore
Nitrogen fixation
Chap.19-2
Chapter 19-3
Virus
Capsid
Bacteriophage
Lytic infection
Lysogenic infection
Prophage
Retrovirus
Bacteriophage
Pathogen
Vaccine
Antibiotic
Viroid
Prion
Parasites
Chapter 20: Protist Terms
20-1
20-2
20-3
Protist
Zooflagellates
Flagella
Sarcodines
Pseudopod
Amoeboid movement
Food vacuole
Cilium
Trichocysts
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Gullet
Anal pore
Contractile vacuole
Conjugation
Sporozoans
African sleeping sickness
Malaria
Plasmodium
Anopheles
Vector
Giardia
Accessory pigment
Eyespot
Pellicle
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Phytoplankton
Chapter 26 – Phylum Porifera and Phylum Cnidaria Terms
26-1
Invertebrate
Vertebrates
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Blastula
Gastrula
Protostome
Deutrosome
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
Asymmetrical symmetry
Cephalization
26-2
26-3
Porifera
Osculum
Choanocytes
Spicule
Archaeocytes
Filter feeders
Internal fertilization
Larva
Gemmules
Zygote
Asexual
Cnidarian
Cnidocytes
Nematocyst
Polyp
Medusa
Sessile
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastroderm
Gastrovascular cavity
Nerve net
Ocelli
Hydrostatic skeleton
External fertilization
Aurelia
Symbiont
Chapter 27 - Worms Terms
27-1,2,3
Acoelomates
Coelom
Pharynx
Flame cell
Ganglia
Eyespots
Planaria
Hermaphrodite
Fission
Parasite
Scolex
Proglottid
Testes
Pseudocoelom
Hook worm
Septum
Setae
Crop
Gizzard
Dorsal Blood Vessel
Nephridia
Clitellum
Chapter 28 – Phylum Arthropoda Terms
28-1
28-2
Exoskeleton
Chitin
Appendages
Tracheal tubes
Spiracle
Book lung
Malhphighian tubule
Ganglia
Molting
Cephalothorax
Thorax
Abdomen
Carapace
Mandible
Walking legs
28-3
Cheliped
Swimmeret
Chelicerae
Pedipalp
Spinneret
Complete metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosis
Nymph
Pupa
Pheromone
Insect society
Caste
Chapter 30 – Chordates and Fishes Terms
30-1
30-2
Chordate
Notochord
Pharyngeal pouch
Hollow nerve cord
Vertebrae
Tunicate
Lancelets
Operculum
Lateral line
Scale
Pectoral fin
Dorsal fin
Caudal fin
Pelvic fin
cartilage
Esophagus
Sinus venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbus arteriosis
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medula
Oblongata
Swim bladder
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous
Ray finned
Anadromous
Catadromous
Chapter 22: Plant Diversity Terms
22-1
22-2
22-3
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Bryophyte
Rhizoid
Gemma
Protonema
Antheridium
Archegonium
Vascular tissue
Tracheid
Xylem
Phloem
Lignin
Root
Leaf
Vein
Stem
Rhizome
Frond
Sporangium
Sorus
22-4
22-5
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Cone
Flower
Pollen grain
Pollination
Seed
Embryo
Seed coat
Fruit
Monocot
Dicot
Cotyledon
Annual
Biennial
Perennial
Chapter 23: Roots, Stems and Leaves Terms
23-1
23-2
23-3
23-4
23-5
Epidermal Cell
Vessel element
Sieve tube element
Companion cell
Meristem
Meristematic tissue
Apical meristem
Differentiation
Taproot
Fibrous root
Root hair
Endodermis
Root cap
Casparian strip
Node
Internode
Bud
Vascular bundle
Blade
Petiole
Mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Stoma
Guard cell
Transpiration
Cuticle
Photosynthesis
Capillary action
Chapter 24-1: Reproduction with Cones and Flowers
24-1
Pollen cone
Seed cone
Ovule
Pollen tube
Sepal
Petal
Stamen
Filament
Anther
Carpel
Ovary
Style
Stigma
Embryo sac
Endosperm
Double fertilization