Name: _____________________________________________________ Per: ______
Learning Targets:
- Describe and draw the shape, structure and parts of DNA
- Explain how DNA replicates and the role of proteins in replication
- Describe gene expression
- Explain transcription and translation, and how they relate to gene expression
Date
2/26 -Thursday
3/2- Monday
3/3- Tuesday
3/5-Thursday
3/9- Monday
3/10- Tuesday
Vocabulary:
- Gene
- DNA
- Nucleotide
- Nitrogen base
- Hydrogen Bond
- Phosphate group
Activity
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Lecture: DNA & Genes
Activity: Make DNA Model
Worksheet: Parts of DNA
Lecture: DNA Replication
Foldable: DNA Replication
Worksheet: Replication Review
Quiz: DNA and DNA Replication
Lecture: Proteins, Transcription, Translation
Protein Synthesis Practice
LAB: How Does DNA Make Protein?
Worksheet: Proteins
Lecture: Mutations
Mutation worksheet & review time
Quiz: Proteins, transcription and translation
20 Questions
Reading and Questions
Packet Time
DNA TEST
All assignments Due
CSI- DNA
-
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Purines
Pyrimidines
DNA Replication
DNA Helicase
DNA Polymerase
-
Transcription
Translation
RNA
Gene expression
Codon
Mutation
____________________________- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•
The instructions for inherited traits like eye color or height are called
_____________.
•
Genes were discovered by a cool scientist named Mendel (we will learn about him next
semester)
•
Scientists knew they existed, but didn’t know ___________ genes came from.
•
We now know that genes are made of small segments of_____________.
•
DNA is the primary material that causes recognizable, inheritable
________________________ in _______________ groups of organisms.
Structure of DNA
-
The sides of DNA is made of sugar and a phosphate group
-
The middle of DNA is made of nitrogen bases (nucleotides)
- _______________________
- _______________________
What goes together?
•
•
•
•
-
_______________________
_______________________
____________________ and Thymine always join with each other
____________________ and Guanine always join with each other
DNA is a ________________________________________________
Double Helix- DNA is two strands twisted together its shape is called a double helix
(helix means coiled like a spring)
DNA-Genes- Chromosomes
•
•
•
•
•
Chromosomes are made of genes
Genes are made of ___________________
DNA is made of a ____________________________________ backbone (side)
DNA is made of nitrogen bases in the middle
DNA Replication: _____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
When DNA replicates two molecules are formed. Each new molecule has one
_______________________________________________________________________
DNA Replication- Step 1
__________________________________________________________
DNA starts to separate at the ______________________________
As the DNA molecule unzips the nucleotides are exposed
DNA Replication-Step 2
__________________________________________
Free nucleotides, base pair with exposed nucleotides
They pair thymine with adenine and cytosine with guanine
DNA Replication- Step 3
_________________________________________________
The sugar and phosphate part of the nucleotides bond together to form the backbone of the
new strand
Each original strand is bonded to a new strand
DNA Replication- Step 4
___________________________________________________
The process of replication produces two molecules of DNA
One strand of the DNA is original and one strand is new
From DNA to Proteins
•
•
•
•
The sequences in DNA contain information
This information is put to work through the
___________________________________
Proteins form complex shapes to become key cell structures and regulators of cell
_________________________________
Proteins become a variety of things like muscle, veins, skin… __________________
(enzymes control all chemical reactions in an organism…very important
How does DNA make proteins?
__________________- similar to DNA with a few differences
1. ____________________________, not double
2. RNA has ribose, DNA has deoxyribose
3. RNA has ______________________________________________________
(________________)
Types of RNA
_______________- Messenger RNA, brings ____________________________ from the
DNA in the nucleus to the cell’s factory floor (the cytoplasm), then becomes part of the
assembly line
-rRNA-__________________________________, clamps onto the mRNA and use its
information to assemble amino acids (amino acids are building blocks of proteins) in the correct
order
_________________- transfer RNA, transports the ____________________________ to
the ribosome to be made into ___________________________
Transcription
•
•
In the nucleus, enzymes make an RNA copy of a portion of the
_____________________
In transcription a single stranded RNA is made, in replication a
_____________________ _____________________________________________
The Genetic Code
•
The _____________________________ sequence transcribed from DNA to a strand
of messenger RNA acts like a genetic code message, the complete information for
building that protein…
– __________ makes the amino acid phenylalanine
– AGC makes the amino acid serine
– UGA tells the DNA to stop and start a new amino acid
• The set of 3 nitrogen bases that code for amino acids are called _________
Translation
•
Converting the information in ___________________ into a sequence of amino acids
that make a protein
•
Board Demo:
Genetic Changes
_________________________in sex cellsIn sex cells a gene that is incorrect will get passed to offspring and the “bad” gene will be a
part of the genetic make up of the ___________________________
___________________________________________________If the DNA is changed in a body cell, it will not be passed to the offspring. It may cause
problems for the individual with the changed ____________________
Mutations-__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________-A change in a single base
pair in the DNA. Changing one base pair can change the whole structure of an amino acid.
Example-
THE DOG BIT HER
THE DOG HIT HER
______________________________________________: A mutation in which a single base
pair is added or deleted from the DNA
These can be very bad for the organism. A point mutation only changes one codon, a frameshift
mutation changes every codon in the sequence after the problem
Example:
THE DOG BIT HER
THE OGB ITH ER
_____________________________________-changes in the chromosomes
Sometime parts of the chromosome breaks off in mitosis and is lost
Often chromosomes break and rejoin incorrectly. Sometimes they rejoin backwards or to the
wrong ________________________________
Most times the offspring dies or is sterile and cannot pass the mutation to
________________
Repairing DNA
• Much like a book editor, _______________________ “proofread” the DNA and replace
incorrect nucleotides with correct ones
• This repair mechanism works extremely well, but isn’t perfect.
• Because the process isn’t perfect, it is wise for people to limit exposure to
__________________________________
Mutagens
Any agent that can cause a change in ___________________
-radiation from the sun
-_______________________________
-extreme ________________________