Principal Types of Tissue
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Extracellular Matrix
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Non-living material that surrounds living
cells
Helps bind tissues together
Embryological development of
Tissues
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Primary germ layers
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Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Differentiation
EpithelialTissue
Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Stratified Squamous
Glandular Epithelial Tissue Apocrine, Holocrine, Merocrine
Connective Tissue
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General function - connect, support, transport,
protect
General characteristics: lots of matrix, can be
fluid, gel, or solid
Four types
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Fibrous
Bone
Cartilage Blood
Loose Fibrous(areolar)
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Widely distributed
Collagenous and elastic fibers in a ground
substance
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast
cells, plasma cells, fat cells, and white
blood cells
Function - stretchy, flexible connection
Dense fibrous tissue
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Matrix - densely packed fibers
Can be irregular or regular
Locations - tendons and ligaments,
dermis, kidney, spleen
Function - flexible connections that are
strong and stretchy
Dense Fibrous - Ligaments
Adipose Fibrous Tissue - similar
to loose connective
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Mainly fat cells
Functions - insulation, protection, support
and food reserve
Adipose locations
Fibrous Reticular Tissue
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Framework of spleen, lymph nodes, bone
marrow
Consists of Fibers and reticular cells
Functions - defense from invading
microorganisms (filters out bad stuff)
Bone Tissue
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specialized tissue
Cells - osteocytes in calcified matrix
Matrix makes up 65%
Functions - support, protection ,
attachment for muscles, reservoir for
minerals, support blood forming tissue
Compact bone
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Cells - osteocytes
Osteon (haversian system)
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Lacunae (spaces for the osteocytes)and
Lamellae(matrix in concentric rings
Canaliculi - channels that join lacunae with central
canal
Central canal - Haversian canal
Cell types
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osteocyte,
osteoblast, bone forming cell
Osteoclast - bone destroying cell
Bone formation - ossification
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From membranes - Membranous bones skull
From cartilage - Endochondral bones others
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Spongy bone (cancellous)
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Trabeculae - thin beams of bone
Supports Red bone marrow
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Cartilage
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Cell - chondrocyte (Housed in lacunae)
Characteristics:
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Avascular
Heals slowly
Perichondrium - membrane that surrounds
cartilage
Types
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Hyaline - ends of bones
Fibrocartilage - strong, found in
intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis)
Elastic - contains elastic fibers. For
strength and flexibility. Located in external
ear and larynx
Blood
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Liquid tissue
Made in bone marrow (hematopoesis)
No ground substance nor fibers
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Blood composition
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Plasma - liquid (55%)
Erythrocytes - red
Leukocytes - white
Platelets (thrombocytes) used for
coagulation
Blood Functions
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Transportation
Regulation of temperature
Regulations of ph
Destruction of bacteria
Muscle
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Skeletal - striated, voluntary,
multinucleated
Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, single
nuclei
Cardiac - striated, involutary, contains
intercalated discs
Skeletal Muscle tissue
Smooth Muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
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Functions - regulation and integration of
body activities
Specialized characteristics
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Excitability
conductivity
Structures of Nervous system
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Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Neurons (functional unit)
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Axons
Cell body
Dendrites
Body membranes
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Definition of membrane
Types
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Cutaneous membrane (skin)
Serous membrane
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Parietal - lines cavity
Visceral - covers organs
Pleura - in lung
Peritoneum - in abdomen
Mucous membrane
Connective tissue membrane
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synovial
How an injury heals
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1. capillaries constrict
2. Platelets stick to edges and clot forms
– seal off injury
3. scab forms – protect injury
4. debris is cleaned out – macrophages
eat away damaged tissue to leave room
for repair
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5. Organization of tissue parts – granulation
occurs (a type of intermediate tissue)
6. Macrophages digest & remove original clot
7. Surface epithelium regenerates – scab
usually falls off at this time
End result: Healed injury!
Healing of Tissue
Pathology of tissue
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Tumor - neoplasm - abnormal cell growth
Benign - does not spread
Malignant - spreads
Causes
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Genetic
Carcinogens
Age
Abuse of body
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Detection
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Self exam
Medical imaging
Blood tests
Biopsy
Treatment
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Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Laser therapy
Immunotherapy