Principal Types of Tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Extracellular Matrix Non-living material that surrounds living cells Helps bind tissues together Embryological development of Tissues Primary germ layers Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm Differentiation EpithelialTissue Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Stratified Squamous Glandular Epithelial Tissue Apocrine, Holocrine, Merocrine Connective Tissue General function - connect, support, transport, protect General characteristics: lots of matrix, can be fluid, gel, or solid Four types Fibrous Bone Cartilage Blood Loose Fibrous(areolar) Widely distributed Collagenous and elastic fibers in a ground substance Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, fat cells, and white blood cells Function - stretchy, flexible connection Dense fibrous tissue Matrix - densely packed fibers Can be irregular or regular Locations - tendons and ligaments, dermis, kidney, spleen Function - flexible connections that are strong and stretchy Dense Fibrous - Ligaments Adipose Fibrous Tissue - similar to loose connective Mainly fat cells Functions - insulation, protection, support and food reserve Adipose locations Fibrous Reticular Tissue Framework of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow Consists of Fibers and reticular cells Functions - defense from invading microorganisms (filters out bad stuff) Bone Tissue specialized tissue Cells - osteocytes in calcified matrix Matrix makes up 65% Functions - support, protection , attachment for muscles, reservoir for minerals, support blood forming tissue Compact bone Cells - osteocytes Osteon (haversian system) Lacunae (spaces for the osteocytes)and Lamellae(matrix in concentric rings Canaliculi - channels that join lacunae with central canal Central canal - Haversian canal Cell types osteocyte, osteoblast, bone forming cell Osteoclast - bone destroying cell Bone formation - ossification From membranes - Membranous bones skull From cartilage - Endochondral bones others QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Spongy bone (cancellous) Trabeculae - thin beams of bone Supports Red bone marrow QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Cartilage Cell - chondrocyte (Housed in lacunae) Characteristics: Avascular Heals slowly Perichondrium - membrane that surrounds cartilage Types Hyaline - ends of bones Fibrocartilage - strong, found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis) Elastic - contains elastic fibers. For strength and flexibility. Located in external ear and larynx Blood Liquid tissue Made in bone marrow (hematopoesis) No ground substance nor fibers QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Blood composition Plasma - liquid (55%) Erythrocytes - red Leukocytes - white Platelets (thrombocytes) used for coagulation Blood Functions Transportation Regulation of temperature Regulations of ph Destruction of bacteria Muscle Skeletal - striated, voluntary, multinucleated Smooth - nonstriated, involuntary, single nuclei Cardiac - striated, involutary, contains intercalated discs Skeletal Muscle tissue Smooth Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Nervous tissue Functions - regulation and integration of body activities Specialized characteristics Excitability conductivity Structures of Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerves Neurons (functional unit) Axons Cell body Dendrites Body membranes Definition of membrane Types Cutaneous membrane (skin) Serous membrane Parietal - lines cavity Visceral - covers organs Pleura - in lung Peritoneum - in abdomen Mucous membrane Connective tissue membrane synovial How an injury heals 1. capillaries constrict 2. Platelets stick to edges and clot forms – seal off injury 3. scab forms – protect injury 4. debris is cleaned out – macrophages eat away damaged tissue to leave room for repair 5. Organization of tissue parts – granulation occurs (a type of intermediate tissue) 6. Macrophages digest & remove original clot 7. Surface epithelium regenerates – scab usually falls off at this time End result: Healed injury! Healing of Tissue Pathology of tissue Tumor - neoplasm - abnormal cell growth Benign - does not spread Malignant - spreads Causes Genetic Carcinogens Age Abuse of body Detection Self exam Medical imaging Blood tests Biopsy Treatment Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Laser therapy Immunotherapy