Biology 2122 Review and Objectives – Copulation, Development and Reproduction
Vocabulary:
 Zygote, embryo, gestation, monospermy, polyspermy, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, gastrula, hCG, thalidomide,
primitive gut; neural plate, grove and folds; somites, myotome, dermatome, sclerotome, foramen ovale, teratogens,
relaxin, hCT, hPL, hCS, dyspnea, preeclampsia, parturition, episiotomy, cesarean section, afterbirth, ectopic pregnancy,
placenta previa and abruption.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Know where fertilization occurs.
Know how erection occurs in males.
Know how ejaculation occurs in males.
Know how capacitation affects the sperm prior to fertilization.
Know the window of opportunity concerning coitus and fertilization.
Know what occurs during the acrosomal reaction and acrosomal process.
Distinguish between the fast and slow blocks to polyspermy
Know the characteristics of the cortical reaction.
Distinguish between the female and male pronucleus.
Know how the true moment of fertilization is defined.
Know the steps concerning the sperms penetration through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida.
Know when and only when meiosis II is completed in females.
Know the following concerning cleavage development
 From a zygote to a blastomere
 Formation of a morula
 Formation of a blastocyst
 Structure of a blastocyst
o Trophoblast cells and inner cell mass
o Role of trophoblast cells
o Fate of the inner cell mass
o Embryonic disc
Know how the blastocysts implants itself in the endometrium of the uterus
Know that the early blastocyst lives off of the endometrial cells.
Know that the implantation causes the endometrium to swell and undergo a type of a inflammation response.
Know the parts of the embryonic disc.
Know what happens if implantation fails.
Know that the corpus luteum maintains pregnancy
Know the role of hCG in maintaining pregnancy.
Know the following about the role and development of the placenta
 Where it originates
 Formation of the chorion
 Chorionic villi
 Decidua basalis and decidua capsularis
 Decidua and birth
 Formation of the umbilical cord
 Role
o Secreting hCG
o Nourshing the developing ovum
Know the following events that take place during gastrulation
 Formation of the primary germ layers
 Importance of the primitive streak
 Fate of the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
Know the following events concerning organogenesis.
 Tissues specifically formed from the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
Know the following concerning fetal circulation
 Development and function of the heart.
 Shunts and functions
o Ductus venosus
o Foramen ovale
o Ductus arteriosus
25. Know the events that occur during the period between 8 weeks and end of term (table 28.1)
26. Know the anatomical, metabolic and physiological changes that occur during pregnancy
27. Know the following concerning parturition
 Initiation of labor and false labor
 Braxton Hicks contractions
 Oxytocin and contractions
 Dilation
o Labor onset and cervical dilation
o Time period
 Explusion
o Crowning
 Placental