Westward to the Pacific
I.
Rivalry in the Northwest
A. The four nations laying claim to the Oregon
country were the United States, Great Britain,
Russia
Spain and _________.
B. Americans wanted control for the land’s access
Pacific Ocean to build trade.
to the ______________
i.
The Spanish gave up its claim to Oregon in
Treaty
the Adams-Onis
____________________.
1824
ii.
Russia gave up its claim in ________.
iii.
John Quincy Adams worked out an
Joint occupation
agreement with Britain for __________________
of the area.
C.
Employed by fur companies in the East,
mountain men
__________________
explored the mountains,
valleys, and trails of the West.
II. Settling Oregon
A. Among the
first settlers were
missionaries
_____________
who wanted to
bring Christianity to
the Native
Americans.
i.
Settlers in the Whitman mission
unknowingly brought measles
________, which killed
many Native American children.
cayuse
ii.
The _________blamed
the Whitmans
and attacked the mission.
B. Many
pioneers
took the
_______
Oregon
Trail
_______
to reach
Oregon
country.
C.
John O’Sullivan declared it was America’s
Manifest Destiny to extend its
________________
boundaries to the Pacific.
54 - 40 or fight! referred to
D.
The slogan “________________”
the line of latitude the Democrats believed should
be the nation’s northern border in Oregon.
E.
A compromise between the American and
the British portions of Oregon was reached in
1846, setting the northern boundary at
Forty-nine degrees north
______________________
latitude.
III.
Texas Independence
A. (Early 1800s) Texas originally part of the
Mexico
Spanish colony of _______.
_________
1. Mexico gains independence.
a. (1821)
Allows
American
Stephen
_________
Austin
_________
to lead
settlers into
Texas.
300
* _____families
settle initially.
slaves
* Many brought their ______.
(although slavery was banned in
Texas under Mexican law)
b. By 1830 Americans outnumbered
Mexicans
decree to stop
• Mexico ordered a ________
immigration.
B. (1833) Mexican General
______________________
Antonio
Lopez de Santa Anna
came to power.
* Ruled as military
dictator
__________.
Mexican President Santa Anna
C. (1835) Initial conflict at Gonzales
* Mexicans forced to withdraw
San Antonio
D. (Late 1835) Texans storm and take _________.
1. Santa Anna determined to stop rebellion,
and marched north.
2. (Feb. 1836) Americans take a stand at
The Alamo
___________
* Supplies low (food, water,
ammunition, medicine)
William Travis
a. ______________ Commander
Davy Crockett
Jim Bowie
b. _____________
and __________
* Famous frontiersmen
Jim Bowie
William Travis
3. Mexicans capture Alamo and
survivors executed
Former Tennessee
Senator Davy Crockett
4. Battle of San Jacinto
* American revenge
Remember the Alamo
“____________________!”
5. Santa Anna captured – forced to give
Texas independence.
Republic of Texas
E. 1836 - ________________
formed
1. Declares independence
Sam Houston - commander of the army,
2. ___________
becomes president.
Lone Star Republic
3. Nicknamed ________________
Sam Houston, President
Republic of Texas
Flag of the Republic of Texas
F. U.S. indecision about annexation
___________ of Texas
or not.
•Issue of
slavery
__________.
•(Congressional
approval given
and Texas
becomes a state
in February
1846).
IV.
War With Mexico
A. (1840s) New Mexico
Territory – entire Southwes
region.
* Included present-day:
______________,
New Mexico
Arizona
______________,
all of
Nevada
_____________
and
Utah
____________
and parts
Colorado
of ___________.
Santa Fe
* Spanish built ________
as the capital.
•(1821) William Bucknell (merchant and
adventurer) created the route later known
Santa Fe Trail
as the ________________.
California
1. (1840s) Both _______________
and
New Mexico
_______________
Territory belonged
to Mexico.
• California Missions along El Camino Real
San Diego
a. Early location known as ___________.
Native Americans
b. Local ____________________
worked for missions.
* Missions described as “Large
farming
grazing
____________
and ___________
establishments.”
Christian religion.
* Learned the _________
Manifest Destiny
2. __________________
was the term that
described America’s right and duty to expand to
the Pacific.
3. (1844)
James
K. Polk
___________
Democratic president,
favored expansion and
offered to buy California
and New Mexico from
Mexico but they
refused.
11th President of the United States,
James K. Polk
B. War with Mexico
1. Annexing Texas
a. (1845) Texas admitted to the Union
* Mexicans were furious
* Never accepted independence
b. Disputes over which river formed
Mexican border.
Rio Grande
• U.S. believed ____________
was southern border
• Mexico believed the
Nueces
_______ (farther north)
Polk
c. President ________
offered to pay $30
California & New Mexico
million for _____________________.
* However, Mexico refused
2. War Begins
Taylor was
a. (Jan. 1846) General Zachary
_____________
sent to protect the
disputed area.
b. (April 1846)
Mexicans crossed
____________
the Rio Grande
• Fighting occurs
– losses for both
Congress
c. At President Polk’s urging _________
declared war with Mexico.
d. Sectional division over war
• South and West – eager to fight
* Northerners
___________ opposed
feared additional slave
states.
* Congressman
Abe Lincoln
____________
was skeptical.
3.
Mexican War
* American Strategy – fight on several
fronts
Zachary Taylor
1. General ___________
Wins many early battles.
Stephen Kearny
2. General _____________
Santa Fe
Captured ____________
and easily held control
of San Diego in southern
California.
Gen. Zachary Taylor pictured on a white horse at
the Battle of Buena Vista during the MexicanAmerican War; coloured engraving, 19th century.
3.
California
___________ rebels and declares
Bear Flag Republic
itself the ________________.
* John C. Fremont – U.S. army drives
Mexican troops from California.
4. _____________
Mexico City
(Mexican capital)
taken by General
Scott.
4.
Guadalupe Hidalgo
(1848) Treaty of __________________Mexico cedes all of California & New
Mexico.
* Gave up claims to Texas and
established Rio Grande as border.
5. (1853)
Gadsden
Purchase
_______________
1. Southern strip of
land (AZ, NM)
* Needed for railroad
*$10 million purchase
2. Completes
Manifest Destiny
V.
New Settlers in California and Utah
A. California Gold Rush
James Marshall
1. (1848) ____________
discovers gold at
Sutter’s Mill
_______________
near Sacramento,
Discovery of a few flakes of gold on January
California.
24, 1848 started the CA gold rush.
2. People in the U.S. and
abroad caught “gold
fever” and journeyed
to California.
3. Many migrated in 1849 –
Forty-niners
became known as _____________.
4. Few struck it rich, but many
California
stayed in _____________.
5. Communities called
boomtowns
_____________
grew up
overnight.
6. Without a government,
vigilantes took the law
_________
into their own hands.
7. (1850) California
free state
admitted as a _________.
B.
California’s Unique Culture
1. Minority rights ignored
a. Many _________
Mexican Americans lost
family lands.
Native Americans were
b. Many ________________
driven off their lands or died of
starvation or _________.
disease
__________
c. Discrimination against
Chinese
Americans existed
_________________
for decades.
African Americans had
d. _________________
economic success, but many
were denied legal rights.
C.
The Mormons
Church of Jesus Christ of
1. Belong to the _____________________
Latter Day Saints
__________________.
Joseph Smith
* Founded by ______________
Brigham Young
* (1844) Smith killed and ___________
became the new leader.
Joseph Smith – Founder of
the Mormon Church.
2. Fearing their safety, and wanting
to raise their children in a
community with the same
religious beliefs, they decide to
leave Illinois.
3.
Brigham Young
1840s – Many migrate from Illinois to
Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah.
the ____________________
* (1847) Brigham Young arrives with
advance party and others follow.
Salt Lake City
4. Capital of ______________
is built in this
desert region.
5. (1850) Brigham
Young becomes
governor of
Utah Territory
______________.