Concorde Career College
Anatomy & Physiology I
Chapter 1
Rachel Olsen
Adjunct Instructor
1
Opening Day…
• Welcome!
• ROlsen@concorde.edu
• Syllabus
– Attendance
– Class Policies
2
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course covers the organization of the body and the anatomy and physiology of the
cells, tissues and membranes, and various body systems: integumentary, muscular,
skeletal, nervous, sensory and endocrine. The major organs of studied systems and how
they relate to the overall status of the body will be discussed.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
• Analyze the major organs of each body system and list their respective functions and
structures.
• Describe the locations of the major body cavities
• List the biological levels of organization and the characteristics of each
• Analyze cells and tissues
• Analyze receptors, sensations, and perception
TEXT
• Shier, D., Butler, J.L., and Lewis, R. (2012). Hole's essentials of human anatomy &
physiology (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
3
STUDENT RESOURCES
• OLC: http://www.mhhe.com/shieress11
• IM, images, PowerPoint presentations, answer keys and a test bank from the
publisher
• Primal Pictures
• Go to: http://apoplus.primalpictures.com/MySubscription.aspx in your open
browser
• Click on Log In in the upper right-hand corner
• Log In using the following information: Username: concorde / Password:
primal
• Keep this browser open while working through your course materials. Each
link should take you directly to the module you are studying.
4
McGraw-Hill Connect ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
•
GETTING STARTED IN CONNECT
•
1 Click on the McGraw-Hill Campus link to launch the McGraw-Hill Campus portal. You will be
prompted only upon your first visit to accept the Student Terms of Service.
•
2 From the McGraw-Hill Campus portal, you have access to a variety of learning resources which are
covered in additional detail on the following page.
•
YOUR LEARNING RESOURCES
•
Select “View online resources” to launch the student resource center for your textbook where you
will find a wealth of additional study materials to assist you. There you may access course-wide
content or chapter specific materials via the pull-down menu on the left navigation bar..
•
Connect Online Assignments, Assessments and ConnectPlus eBook
•
3 Click the “Connect” button to access material assigned by your instructor.
•
a. You will need to choose one of the following two options only upon your first visit to
Connect
•
i. If you have NOT used Connect previously for another course, select the first blue
option “No, I am new to Connect.”
•
ii. If you HAVE used Connect previously, select the second blue option
•
“Yes, I want to use my existing connect account.” Then sign in on the following
screen using your existing McGraw-Hill Connect account email and password.
•
b. Follow the onscreen steps from there to redeem your Connect or ConnectPlus access code,
purchase access immediately online with a credit card, or start your free trial period of up to 21 days
•
c. Click the submit button on the following screen to confirm your selection and enter
Connect.
5
COMPUTER ACCESS
Some homework activities in this course series require internet access.
Students who do not have home access to a computer should complete
internet-based activities at a Concorde computer lab, resource center, or public
library.
EVALUATION
Students will be evaluated on knowledge of textbook content, writing and
presentation skills, and analysis and application of thinking skills. The
minimum acceptable term grade is 70% for advancement.
Quizzes
40 %
Midterm
20 %
Classwork /Discussion
20 %
Final Exam
20 %
Total
100 %
Grade Scale
90-100
80-89
70-79
60-69
=
=
=
=
A
B
C
D
59 or less = F
6
Make-up work
A student who misses classwork, or deadlines due to absence, including being tardy or
leaving early will be ineligible for make-up or late submission. The student will receive
a zero (0) for missed work. Classwork is defined as any lab, competency, quiz, activity,
or discussion that occurs during scheduled class hours.
Tutoring
Tutoring will be scheduled at the discretion of the instructor or Academic Dean.
Exams & Quizzes
An exam missed as a result of an absence may be made up within 5 regularly scheduled
school days. The student must initiate the request to reschedule on the first day s/he
returns. It is the student’s responsibility to schedule time outside the student’s regularly
scheduled class hours to take a missed exam. Not rescheduling on the day of return, or
not appearing for the rescheduled time will result in an automatic zero (0). An exam
taken after the course’s original exam scheduled date will have its grade reduced by one
letter grade. A student arriving late for a test or quiz will only be given the remaining
time allotted for taking the test or quiz to answer as many questions as s/he can.
Additional time will not be given in order to complete the test or quiz.
Quizzes cannot be made up. Quizzes and tests may include material from any previously
taught material in this course. The final exam will be comprehensive.
7
MAINTAINING SATISFACTORY ATTENDANCE STATUS
Attendance is mandatory. All absences are unexcused. Review your school catalog for
specifics of satisfactory attendance, probation and terms of dismissal.
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITIES
Students are expected to abide by the policies established in the school catalog. Dress
code is to be followed as outlined in catalog.
If you miss a class, it is up to you to obtain a copy of any notes from your fellow
classmates and/ or request any handouts or missed work from the instructor. It is also
courteous and professional to call the school and inform the instructor, PD and/or Dean
of your absence, just as you would an employer.
This course will require a great deal of individual effort. If, for any reason, you are
experiencing problems in this course, please speak with the instructor immediately. Do
not let any problem continue to grow until it is too late or unmanageable.
In addition to class time, you are expected to spend time outside of class time on
assignments and activities to help you achieve the course objectives. Your outside class
time should be spent reading the textbook materials, developing outlines and notes for
exam preparation, memorizing theory, and practicing application of theory. For practice,
complete the chapter activities in the textbook, utilize the web resources associated with
the text, and perform any other practice as assigned by the instructor. Details of weekly
activities will be in your course schedule.
8
CLASSROOM CONDUCT
Refer to the catalog for details on eating, breakage, cleanliness, etc. Other items
not covered are below:
Cell Phones – Cell phones are not allowed in the classroom. Upon entering the
classroom please turn off all cell phones and store away. Cell phones must not
be visible at any time. If seen during quizzes or exams, the student’s paper
will be collected and given a zero (0) with no option for make-up or retake.
Participation/Classwork — You are expected to participate in class. Class
assignments, which are a part of your course grade, occur throughout the day,
with or without announcement, at the instructor’s discretion.
BREAK TIMES
9
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
11th Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
1
Introduction to Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
10
Book Layout
Turn to xviii at the front of the textbook.
11
Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
 Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding
of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
 Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
 List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of
each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
 List and describe the major characteristics of life.
 Define and give examples of metabolism.
12
Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
 List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
 Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
 Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
 Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
 List the organs located in each major body cavity.
 Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
13
Important Points in Chapter 1:
Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
 Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
 Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
 Define aging.
 Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
 Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions. (To be assessed in Lab, only)
14
1.1: Introduction
Origin of modern medicine began with questions and
observations that have led to knowledge about structure
and function of the human body.
•Injuries
•Illnesses
15
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure(morphology) of the
human body
• Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”
16
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
• Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”
17
1.3: Levels of Organization
• With the invention of magnifying lenses and the microscope
the current levels of organization of materials was defined.
18
1.3: Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
• Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
19
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Subatomic particles
Fig. 1.3a
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Fig. 1.3b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organelle
Fig. 1.3c
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cell
Fig. 1.3d
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissue
Fig. 1.3e
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Organ
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.3f
Organ system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.3g
Organism
Levels of Organization
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems?
There are eleven (11).
Can you name one function of each
organ system?
28
1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;
releasing energy from foods
29
Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into
chemically different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
30
1.5: Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
31
Requirements of Organisms
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
• Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
32
Requirements of Organisms
• Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
33
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
34
Fig. 1.6b
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
(set point)
Receptors
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Fig. 1.6c
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Fig. 1.6d
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
(Change is corrected.)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
(set point)
Receptors
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
38
(Change is corrected.)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
The hypothalamus
Fig. 1.8a
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
Fig. 1.8b
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Muscle
Activity
Generates
body heat.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.
41
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
42
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Reduces the actions of the effectors
• Corrects the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, ie, ‘negates’ the
change
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Most common type of feedback loop
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
43
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
• Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body, ie, ‘positively’
adds to or continues the change
• Produces more instability in the body
• Produces more chaos in the body
• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
• There are only a few types necessary for our survival
• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous
adjustments
• Considered to be the uncommon loop
• Examples: blood clotting and child birth
44
Animation:
Positive and Negative Feedback
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
45
1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
• Body cavities
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)
46
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.10
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Middle ear cavity
Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
• Visceral layer – covers an organ
• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
• Visceral pleura
• Parietal pleura
• Visceral pericardium
• Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
• Parietal perineum
• Visceral perineum
48
Thoracic Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Sternum
Fibrous pericardium
49
Abdominal Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Right kidney
Left
kidney
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
Pancreas
Spleen
Small intestine
Large
intestine
Liver
Large intestine
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum
50
Organ Systems: Body Covering
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
51
Integumentary system
Organ Systems:
Support and Movement
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
52
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Organ Systems:
Integration and Coordination
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nervous system
53
Endocrine system
Organ Systems: Transport
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
54
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Organ Systems:
Absorption and Secretion
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
55
Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Organ Systems: Reproduction
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
56
Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system
1.7: Anatomical Terminology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Anatomical Position – standing
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
57
Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
• Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
• Superior versus Inferior
• Anterior(Ventral) versus Posterior(Dorsal)
• Medial versus Lateral
• Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
• Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)
• Superficial versus Deep
• Internal versus External
58
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Midline
Fig. 1.20a
Right
Proximal
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.20b
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Midline
Right
Proximal
Left
Fig.
1.20
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Body Sections or Planes (3)
• Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
• Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right
portions
• Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and
inferior portions
• Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior
portions
62
Body Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
A section along a transverse
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
63
Body Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(a)
(b)
(c)
a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.
64
Other Body Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
65
(a)
(b)
(c)
Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Right
Epigastric
hypochondriac region
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
• Regions (9)
Left
lumbar
region
Right Hypogastric Left
iliac
iliac
region
region
region
(a)
Right upper
Left upper
quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
(b)
• Quadrants (4)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
66
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.24a
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
Left
iliac
region
Right
hypochondriac
region
(a)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.24b
(b)
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
Body Regions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Axillary (armpit)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Buccal (cheek)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Occipital
(back of head)
Mental (chin)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Cubital (elbow)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Sacral (between hips)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
(a)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(b)
69