Topic: Ecology
Aim: Describe symbiotic relationships that exist
between organisms.
Do Now:
1. Take out your ecology reading notes packet.
2. Work on the Evolution Review Ditto - #’s 5, 7,
8 with your 3 o’clock partner (4 MINUTES)
HW: Study for tomorrow’s Evolution exam.
Bring your textbook to class tomorrow!
3rd marking period CL quarterly must be
completed by tonight!!!
5. Describe the conclusion that can be made
about the fossils in layer A and B.
7. Describe Darwin’s theory of
Natural Selection.
8. State the main points of the
theory of Natural Selection.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL
2F1t81Q
•
Two
different
Symbiotic
organisms live in close
relationship
association with each
other
Mutualism
• Both organisms
benefit
• (+, +)
The clownfish protects the sea anemone from
anemone-eaters, the anemone protects the
fish from predators.
Moray Eel
with Cleaner
Fish
The moray
eel gets a
clean mouth
& the
cleaner fish
gets a meal.
Antelope
with
Oxbird
Antelope
gets rid of
parasites
and oxbird
gets a
meal
• Ex: Bacteria in large
intestine
Bees and flowers
Hummingbirds
and flowers
Lichens are made up of an alga
that lives within the tissues of
a fungus.
Legumes (peas, beans) have
nodules on their roots where
nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow.
Commensalism • One benefits and
the other is not
affected
• (+, 0)
• Examples:
Remora fish are
endowed with an
adhesive disk on the
dorsal surface of
their heads. They
use this adhesive disk
to “hitch a ride” on
larger animals, usually
whales, which tend to
be sloppy eaters.
When food floats
away from the
whale’s mouth, the
remora can unhitch
itself and collect the
scraps of food
floating by.
Barnacles
attach
themselves
to surface
of whales.
In the
picture, two
barnacles
are
attached to
the shell of
a scallop.
Pseudoscorpions are
mostly less than
1cm is length.
These scorpionlike animals have
pincers like
scorpions, but lack
a sting. A few
species of
pseudoscorpions
disperse by
concealing
themselves under
the wing covers of
large beetles such
as the cerambycid
beetle shown.
• One benefits (parasite)
Parasitism and the other is harmed
(host)
• (+, -)
TICKS are tiny, parasitic and
can carry some nasty diseases,
most commonly Lyme disease.
They can take anywhere from
a matter of minutes up to a
couple of hours to start to
feed. Ticks are commonly
found on animals that are
outside, both domesticated
and wild. studies have
determined that places in
warm, humid climates with a
high deer population, have a
much higher concentration of
ticks. The summer months,
May through September are
the when ticks are the most
active.
• Tapeworms live in digestive tract
Tapeworms are long, flat
parasites that live in
the intestines of pigs,
cows, and even
humans. A tapeworm
gets into its host by
laying its eggs in the
host’s food source.
The host eats this
food and the eggs
develop and grow into
tapeworms, which
attach themselves to
the intestines of their
host. Tapeworms feed
off the food that the
host eats. Tapeworms
have been known to
live in a human for ten
years without being
detected!
• Roundworms
Many roundworm parasitic diseases result from human carelessness and a
lack of appropriate personal hygiene and sanitation measures.
Roundworms can range in size from those plainly visible to the naked eye to
those several hundredths-of-an-inch long and visible only under a
microscope.
Most eggs or larvae are found in the soil and can be picked up on the hands
and transferred to the mouth or can enter through the skin.
Mature adult roundworms eventually end up or live in human intestines and
cause a variety of health problems.
Hookworms live in the small
intestine. Hookworm eggs
are passed in the feces
of an infected person. If
the infected person
defecates outside (near
bushes, in a garden, or
field) of if the feces of
an infected person are
used as fertilizer, eggs
are deposited on soil.
They can then mature
and hatch, releasing
larvae (immature worms).
The larvae mature into a
form that can penetrate
the skin of humans.
Hookworm infection is
mainly acquired by
walking barefoot on
contaminated soil. One
kind of hookworm can
also be transmitted
through the ingestion of
larvae.
Athlete’s foot
Athlete's foot is a rash on the
skin of the foot. It is caused by a
fungus that grows on or in the top layer
of skin. Fungi grow best in warm, wet
places, such as the area between the
toes.
Athlete's foot spreads easily.
Most often, people get it by walking
barefoot on contaminated surfaces
near swimming pools or in locker rooms.
Most cases of athlete's foot
can be treated at home with over-thecounter lotion, cream, or spray. For bad
cases, your doctor may give you a
prescription for medicine to put on your
skin. You also need to keep your feet
clean and dry.
Wear shower sandals in shared
areas like locker rooms, and use talcum
powder to help keep your feet dry.
Wear sandals or roomy shoes made of
materials that allow moisture to escape.
Mistletoe is a plant that
people hang above
doorways at Christmastime. Before it gets
picked and hung inside
it grows by living off of
other plants.
Mistletoe grows on
woody plants, taking
nutrients and moisture
from them. It also
“strangles” it—reducing
the nutrients that the
plant can take in.
Mistletoe is considered
a parasitic plant,
because the mistletoe
gets all the benefits,
while the woody plant
or tree has to support
itself as well as the
mistletoe.
The Catalpa Worm is being parasitized by tiny wasp larvae. The adult
wasps sting the caterpillar, injecting their eggs. The eggs hatch and devour
the caterpillar from the inside, being careful not to disrupt any vital
functions. Eventually they emerge and spin cocoons of silk in which they
transition from larvae to adult.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLtUk-W5Gpk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxL2qHBetvI
Let’s summarize…
1. Describe symbiotic
relationships.
2. Identify the 3 types of
symbiotic relationships and
explain the difference
between them.
Which statement is best
supported by the
information shown in the
pyramid?
(1.) Chipmunks and insects
can occupy the same niche.
(2.) As the number of bears
in this community
increases, the number of
chipmunks will increase.
(3.) Insects are classified as
omnivores in alpine meadow
communities.
(4.) The number of organisms
in each level decreases as
energy is transferred from
one level to another.
1.Identify
the
producers
in this food
web.
2.Identify a
primary
consumer.
3.Identify a
secondary
consumer.
1. Which level of this
pyramid would
contain producer
organisms?
2. If birds eat insects
that feed on corn,
which pyramid level
would birds occupy?
3. As one progresses
from level D to level
A in this pyramid,
what happens to the
amount of energy?
A symbiotic relationship exists between two
organisms of different species. If only
one organism benefits from the
relationship and the other is not harmed,
the relationship is known as
(1.) mutualism
(2.) commensalism
(3.) parasitism
(4.) saprophytism
The American dogwood, a flowering tree
of NY State's woodlands, has been
attacked by a fungal disease specific to
this tree species. Many dogwoods have
died because fungicides have not proven
effective in fighting the spread of this
disease. Which term best describes the
relationship between the dogwood trees
and the fungus?
(1.) parasitism
(2.) mutualism
(3.) commensalism (4.) saprophytism
Select the term from the list below that is most closely
associated with the following statement.
parasitism
commensalism
competition
mutualism
saprophytism
1.
The roots of a mistletoe plant absorb nutrients from
living oak trees, causing some damage to the tissues of
the trees.
2. Protozoans living in the intestine of a termite secrete
enzymes that digest cellulose,
providing digestive end products of value to both
organisms.
3. Certain fungi use dead organic matter for food.
The relationship between fleas and a dog is
most similar to the relationship between
(1.) honeybees and flower
(2.) orchids and a tree
(3.) nitrogen-fixing bacteria and a legume
(4.) athlete's foot fungus and a human
Which is an abiotic factor that functions as a
limiting factor for the autotrophs in the ecosystem
shown?
(1.) grasshopper (2.) fish
(3.) light
(4.) hawk
Identify each
labeled
structure on the
right and
describe the
function of each
structure.
Which material cycle is represented
in the diagram?