CHARACTERISTICS
 Eukaryotic cell
 Autotrophic nutrition (photosynthesis)
 Multicellular organisms.
 Reproduction: Asexual (spores or fragments )

Sexual (seeds)
 Interaction: movements of growth.
Classification of plants
 Plants without seeds:
 Plants without flowers that reproduce trhough spores
and live in wet environment to be able to reproduce.
 Plants with seeds:
 They have flowers that contain the reproductive
organs and have seeds wich propagate better than
spores. Spermatophytes
EVOLUTION IN PLANTS
 WITHOUT SEEDS
 Mosses
Ferns

 Evolutionary time
WITH SEEDS (Spermatophyta)
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
(bare seeds)
(fruits)
Plants without seeds
Mosses
 No tissues or organs.
 They reproduce by spores
formed in capsules.
(Sporangium)
 Non-vascular (no xylem or
phloem tissue)
 Without true roots, leaves or
stems. With rhizoids.
 The surface must remain
moist
Plants without seeds
Ferns
 They have roots, stem ,
underground stem (rhizome)
and leaves (fronds)
 Spores are formed on the
underside of the frond in sorus.
 They live in humid habitats ,
they need a lot of water to
survive.
 The reproduction is complex.
The cycle involves spores and
gametes!!!!
Fern
Plants with seeds but no fruit
GYMNOSPERMS
 Seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. Conifers are the most
common gymnosperms.
 They are trees; they have thin and waterproof leaves.
 The majority are trees.The flowers are the cones that
contain their reproductive structures. Unisexual.
 Female cones: larger than male cones. Central axis and
sclaes arranged in a spiral shape around it. Each scale
contains two ovules.
 Male cones: smaller and grow in clusters. The scales
contain millions of pollen grains.
 A pine tree’s seed is called pine nut.
Plants with both seeds and fruits.
Angiosperms
 Most are deciduous trees. Flowers have calix and




corolla. They can be unisexual or hermaphrodite.
Seeds are developed into a fruit that comes form the
fertilisation of an ovule.
Ovules and pollen grains are produced in the stamen
and carpels.
Pollination is the transference of the pollen from the
anther to the stigma.
The fertilised ovule develops into a seed that contains
an embryo (with food) and a seed coat . The ovary
ripens into the fruit that contains the seeds
Flower structure
Seed structure
Plant structure
 Organs:
Roots: to anchor the plant and to absorb water and
mineral salts
2. Stem: to support leaves, flowers and fruits. It
contains a system of vascular vessels that transport
sap
1.
1.
2.
3.
Xylem: from roots to leaves
Phloem: from the leaves to everywhere
Leaves: with a waxy layer and stomata. Photosynthesis
Leaf types