Name -
3.1 Rise of the 1st Party System
Washington’s election - 1789
-unanimously elected by the Electoral College
-only one elected and inaugurated in same year
What did he do as President that makes him so great?
Precedent Two terms, Handshake, “Mr. President”
Advisors
Vice President - John Adams
1st Cabinet - Group of Advisors
Why?
(Is that in the Constitution?)
Sec. of War –
Attorney Gen –
Sec. of State –
Sec. of Treasury –
Democratic-Republicans
Followed the ideas of _______________
Called Republicans, but start of today’s Democrats.
Basic belief was for Small Federal Gov’t, Power to States
Other followers –
Believe economy should be ____________________ based
Area of support – __________ areas
Sections of most support – __________________
Supported by – common man / small (Yeoman) farmers
Supported in foreign affairs –
Strict Interpretation of Constitution
Federalists
Followed the ideas of_______________
Basic belief was for large Federal Government
Other followers –
Believe economy should be based on _____________________
Area of support – __________ areas
Sections of most support –
Supported by – Rich, Elite, Educated
Supported in foreign affairs –
Loose Interpretation of Constitution
Strict vs. Loose Interpretation
Strict Interpretation - Jefferson’s View / Dem-Rep view
Gov’t can only do what is stated directly in the Constitution
Loose Interpretation - Hamilton’s view / Federalist view
Gov’t can do anything unless the Constitution directly says it can not
Judicial Branch
In the Constitution, very little was written about the Judicial Branch.
One of the first things the 1st Congress did was set up the Court System.
Judiciary Act of 1789 - Set up lower courts, appeals courts, and the Supreme Court
Originally Supreme Court would have ___ justices (today ___)
11th Amendment – added to Constitution to help with lawsuits involving ____________________
Report on Manufacturers (1791)
Hamilton pushes for Tariffs and Excise taxes
Why?
Report on Public Credit
Hamilton says we need: _____________________ (B.U.S) and Assumption of debts from States
Why did Hamilton think a national debt was good?
Assumption
Why did the assuming of the states’ debts upset the southern states?
What did they get in the compromise?
1st Bank of the United States - chartered for 20 years in 1791
Probably the most controversial aspect of Hamilton’s plan. Would be source for future problems too.
What is the job of the B.U.S.?
Whiskey Rebellion – Constitution’s first test
Congress passed an excise tax on Whiskey in Revenue Act of 1789. Farmers in Western PA rise up against it.
Why?
How is this like Shay’s Rebellion?
How did it turn out different?
What does that say about the respect for Washington?
Although officially Washington was not a part of either of the 1st parties, how did he seem to lean to the Federalist side?
Did Jefferson’s idea of an agricultural nation die?
How do they actually work together?
Reflection Questions
Where did Hamilton and the Federalists get their support from and why? Where did Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans get
their support from and why?
How did the Reports on Manufacturing and Public Credit actually shape the future decade?
How was Washington considered such a great President when there were not many major events in his term?
If the farmers would have fought and won at the Whiskey Rebellion, how do think it would have changed history and why?
3.2 The Federalist Decade (1790s)
1st President - George Washington (1789-1797), elected in 1789, reelected in 1792
Officially not in a political party, but leaned Federalist
Biggest domestic event – Whiskey Rebellion
Jay’s Treaty 1794
With Britain about:
Pinckney’s Treaty 1795
With Spain about:
Would be obsolete soon due to France taking over Louisiana
Other Foreign Affair problems during Washington’s administration
__________ and ___________ were at war again.
France called for the U.S. to join them with the _______________________
Democratic-Republicans call for us to join France
Washington makes the Neutrality Proclamation 1793
“Citizen Genet” crisis – tried to trick U.S. to join France
Federalist call for us to join Britain
Washington stays Neutral
Early Growth
1st Census – 1790
Why do we have it?
New States - Uses rules from Northwest Ordinance
#14 Vermont – 1791
#15 Kentucky – 1792
#16 Tennessee – 1796
What about the state of Franklin?
In 1796, Washington decided to not continue as President
Set Precedent – two terms
Gave Farewell Address
Warned us about two things:
1.
2.
1796 Election
Federalist – John Adams
Dem-Rep – Thomas Jefferson
Adams wins by 3 electoral votes, Jefferson becomes VP. Why?
Quasi War with _________
Many skirmishes
XYZ Affair with __________
Delegation was sent to France to negotiate, Were told they would have to pay “tribute” (bribe) to see the
Foreign Minister Talleyrand. – “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!”
Adams resisted his own party’s wishes (and Hamilton’s) for war and stayed neutral.
The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Most immigrants were joining the __________________, ___________ tried to curb the growth of their rival by:
Changing the number of years before becoming a citizen (to 14)
More power to deport immigrants
Made it illegal for editors to criticize gov’t officials (except for VP)
What is this the opposite of?
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 1799 - Written by _____________ and _____________
Most lasting idea – Nullification (State did not have to obey law of Federal Government)
Crisis of Alien and Sedition Acts would fade away with the “revolution of 1800”
Revolution of 1800 - 1800 Election (“revolution” without a shot being fired)
Not only would Jefferson win Presidency, but Dem-Reps would take over both the ___________ and ________
Electoral vote: tie between Burr and Jefferson, even though Burr was supposed to be his VP
Constitution says if there is not a majority in Electoral College vote, then the ______________________ decides.
House ultimately votes Jefferson in.
12th amendment – would change it where candidates ran together
Misc.
No Federalist President after Adams
John Marshall as Chief Justice would continue Federalist ideas.
Whig Party would adopt some of the ideas
Burr conspiracy - Marshall acquits him
Burr’s Dual with Hamilton
Reflection Questions
Why did the Federalist try to force the Alien and Sedition Acts?
How did Adams listen to and not listen to Washington’s farewell address?
How did events in Europe effect the U.S. during the 1790s?
How is the election of 1800 a revolution?
3.3 Jefferson Era
Election of 1800 - Jefferson reverses the 1796 results and wins
Democratic-Republicans also take over Senate and House
Burr electoral problems lead to ____ Amendment
Federalist Party would still be strong in New England
Judiciary Act of 1801
Federalists lowered the number of Supreme Court Justices, but increased number of Federal judges
Led to “midnight appointments” before D-R’s took power
Marbury v. Madison (1803) – issue was midnight appointments
John Marshall – Chief Justice (Federalist)
Judicial Review ruling – Supreme Court can deem a law __________________
Impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase
(Impeachment charges – from House of Representatives, Trial done in the Senate)
Done for political reasons since he was a Federalist, but acquitted of any wrongdoing
Precedent set that Impeachment was not to be used for getting rid of someone just because of different politics
Westward Expansion
“Old Northwest” - Today’s ____________
“Old Southwest” - Today’s ____________
Motives for moving?
Problems?
Battle of Tippecanoe - William Henry Harrison vs. Tecumseh (and his brother The Prophet)
Later would fight again at the Battle of Thames
Jefferson’s Foreign Policy
Basically wanted to try to stay neutral, but couldn’t.
Tried to decrease the size of the military.
Tripolitian War
From 1801-1805, Jefferson sent ships to unofficial war on the North African Coast
Pirates were demanding “__________” to cross
Used ________ (smaller, cheaper boats) to fight the Barbary Pirates
Haitian Rebellion
Haiti fought to break away from France
Both and independence movement and a slave Rebellion
Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
Effects on United States:
1.
2.
Louisiana Purchase
New Orleans no longer controlled by Spain, so Pinckney’s Treaty becomes void.
Jefferson sends representative to try to buy New Orleans, Bought Louisiana for $__________
Why did Napoleon sell it to the U.S.?
Jefferson’s Dilemma
Wanted it as a chance to expand America into his dream of an agricultural nation of small farmers.
He was a strict constructionist. Is there anything in the Constitution about the President buying land?
How does he justify it?
Zebulon Pike - Explored SW
Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804-1806: Meriwether Lewis & William Clark (& Sacajawea)
France – Britain problems
Guess what? – _______ and _________ are fighting another war.
Both regular seized ships and cargo of neutral ships.
France: Berlin and Milan Decrees
Britain: Orders of Council
Impressment – forcing American sailors to serve in British navy
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) – off coast of Virginia and almost led to war.
TJ resorted to diplomacy and an __________.
Embargo Act of 1807
In 1807, Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.
Also passed the ________ Act which said the federal gov’t would enforce the law.
Embargo backfired as it caused more hardship to ____________ states than to Britain.
Embargo repealed and replaced with _______________Act which said they could trade with all but
Britain and France. Why did that not work?
Later Macon’s Bill allowed trade if Britain and France w/drew restrictions
Essex Junto
After the ________ Act, some New England states spoke of breaking away and forming their own confederation.
What would this be a step towards?
Virginia Dynasty
Nickname given to the group of President from beginning of our Country.
4 of the first 5 Presidents, 32 of the first 36 years, (1) Washington, (3) Jefferson, (4) Madison, (5) Monroe
Reflection Questions
What did the case Marbury v. Madison do and why is that important?
How did Jefferson differ from his stance of a small federal government and strict constructionism with the Purchase of
Louisiana and the Embargo Act?
How did the Louisiana Purchase happen and why was it great for the United States?
In what ways did Jefferson listen to Washington about staying Neutral and in what ways did he not?
3.4 Madison and Monroe
James Madison - Elected in 1808 (and re-elected in 1812), Served 1809-1817
Democratic-Republican, Part of Virginia Dynasty, Shortest President (5’4”), wife – __________
Inherited problems from the Embargo Act and Impressment Issues
“Mr. Madison’s War” – nickname for the War of 1812
Causes:
1. Impressment / Freedom of the Seas – remember Chesapeake-Leopard affair?
2. War Hawks – those wanted to fight (younger congressmen) such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
3. Border disputes/Desire for Land (Manifest Destiny) - Maine, Oregon, Canada
4. Indian “problem” – Is Britain helping them?
The bad
Failed invasion of _________
Navy in the Atlantic Ocean. How did those Jeffs do?
Defeat of troops on East Coast, Burning of Washington D.C. (1814)
The Successes
Against Indians
Battle of Thames – ____________________ v. _____________
Battle of Horseshoe Bend – Andrew Jackson
Commodore Oliver Perry in Great Lakes (Battle of Put-in-Bay)
Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) - Francis Scott Key and the Star-Spangled Banner
Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 24, 1814)
- Did not resolve any of the causes of the war, just stopped the fighting.
- Why did we sign it?
- Why did Britain sign it?
Battle of New Orleans (Jan) 1815
- After the Treaty was signed, the biggest battle was fought. Why?
- Andrew Jackson with help from pirates led by Jean Lafitte. Why did they help the U.S.?
- Casualties: U.S. - 55 killed, 185 wounded, 93 MIA,
- Why did it not matter officially?
- Why did it matter unofficially?
Britain – 386 killed, 1521 wounded, 552 MIA
Hartford Convention (1814) – met during war involving _____________________ states
Discussed Nullification and hinted at Secession
Soon after news of Ghent and New Orleans
Basically deathblow to Federalist Party (except for in Supreme Court w/ John Marshall)
1st Seminole War
After New Orleans, Jackson went back after Creeks; many “ran away” to ____________
Jackson went after them with U.S. Army (act of war), Diplomatic crisis for U.S.
Seminoles never surrender, fighting just stops over time
Adams-Onis Treaty 1819
- U.S. buys Florida for ___________
- U.S. gives up any claims to Texas from Louisiana Purchase
-Jackson becomes military governor of Florida
#5 James Monroe - Elected in 1816, Re-elected in 1820, served 1817-1824
Had Goodwill Tour of Nation, Last of Virginia Dynasty.
Ran unopposed in 1820, but not elected unanimously in the Electoral College. Why not?
Era of Good Feelings nickname, but was everything good?
Rush – Bagot Agreement (1818) - With __________
Led to mutual disarmament of Great Lakes (demilitarization) and longest undefended border
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Says that European powers are to not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere (N & S America)
Written by Sec. of State___________ (Monroe gives it in a State of Union Address)
Aimed at__________ and ________ (eyeing lands Spain is losing- Mexico 1821)
U.S. Navy did not have power to enforce it. So who did and why?
The Great Triumvirate - powerful forces in the U.S. government through the 1850s
From the West –
From the South –
From New England –
Missouri Compromise / Compromise of 1820
After months of debate, __________ makes a Compromise Bill.
_________ as a slave state, __________ as a free state
In rest of Louisiana Purchase, all about _______ latitude to be free
1816 Tariff
Put into place to protect U.S. Manufactures. 1st protective tariff in U.S. history
Why good?
Why bad?
Panic of 1819 - First major economic downturn since 1789.
Caused by over speculation on land and Wildcat Banks
2nd Bank of U.S.
Rechartered in 1816, Democratic-Republicans approved it
How is different than when the Federalist first introduced one?
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
John Marshall and Supreme Court ruled:
Elastic Clause – “congress can do anything necessary and proper”, Known as ________________
Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 - Marshall rules Federal government has power over _________________
Other Marshall cases - Ruled in favor of the Federal gov’t and business over the states.
Fletcher v. Peck 1810 – Contracts legal even if shady
Worcester v. Georgia 1831 – U.S., not states over Indians
How is that what the Federalist Party wanted?
Reflection Questions
What were the causes of the War of 1812 and were they solved with the war?
In what ways was the “Era of Good Feelings” after the war not so good and happy?
How did Presidents Madison and Monroe go away from the original ideas of Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans?
How did the Federalist Party finally die, but how did it actually continue on for two decades?
3.5 Era of Good Feelings
Good: Nationalism, Optimism, Development of “American”
Bad: Panic of 1819, Missouri Compromise, Factions within the Democratic-Republicans, Sectionalism
Republican Mother idea – children should be raised with civic values and republican/American values
Shown in books and art (Patriotic themes and stories):
Mercy Otis Warren – History of the Revolution
Noah Webster – spelling book/dictionary
Gilbert Stuart’s paintings
1826 – 50 year anniversary of Declaration
Washington Irving – wrote in “______________” style - Rip Van Winkle, Ichabod Crane
James Fenimore Cooper – historical ___________ style - Leatherstocking Tales (such as The Last of the Mohicans)
First American novelist “accepted” by Europeans
What was the #1 sport for Americans in the early 1800s?
How was the use of alcohol in the American culture?
2nd Great Awakening
Revivalism and Camp Meetings such Cane Ridge (Kentucky)
Charles Finney – leading preacher, brings back some Fire and Brimstone
Growth of Baptist, Presbyterians, and Methodists. What group of people were attracted to them?
Deism in early 1800s
What did Jefferson do with his body?
Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason
Fur Boom
On the Frontier, mountain men such as _______________ explored and learned Indian trails in the west.
Stories of the frontiersmen glorified the adventures.
Increased our desire for more land (Manifest Destiny)
John Jacob Astor – fur trading company controlled the market from the Great Lakes to now Oregon.
Transportation Revolution
Improvement on __________________
Whaling Ships and Whaling Industry. Why Whales?
Roads and Turnpikes - Roads helped link towns and cities and spread our Market Economy
Cumberland (National) Road (connected Ohio River and Potomac)
Canals
Erie Canal. What city grew in importance due to the Erie Canal?
Flatboats & Steamboats
Robert Fulton’s Clermont (1807)
What’s the change?
1st Industrial Revolution
Change hand tools and craft shops to machines and factories
Started in the textile industry
Samuel Slater – first factory in U.S. (Memorized plans from Britain)
Eli Whitney – idea of interchangeable parts
Mass production in North
Cotton gin invention in the south
Lowell System – Textile Factories in _______________. Why in New England?
Francis Cabot Lowell developed a better power loom
Factory town using young women – Lowell Mill Girls. Why use girls?
How were they treated?
What would change in the future?
Source for some of the first ___________ and ___________________
Internal Improvements (today we call it Infrastructure)
Trying to connect the “Old Northwest” to New England. Resources and agricultural products for factory products
Part of Henry Clay’s American System idea to strengthen the U.S. Economy - Turnpikes, Roads, and Canals
Madison would veto an Internal Improvement Bill. How does that fit into the Democratic-Republican idea?
South
Why are they not building roads and Canal in South?
King Cotton emerges and the Peculiar Institution. What’s that?
Economics, Politics, and society dominated by Aristocratic _______________
Sectionalism develops after the War of 1812
The Old Northwest and New England become more reliant on each other in the North.
Issues besides slavery that will divide them: Tariff, Internal improvements, and the B.U.S.
Alexis de Tocqueville (French) wrote Democracy in America. Told about changes in America such as mobility and
democracy and Equality in society (egalitarian)
Universal Male Suffrage - During the 1820s and 1830s voting rules would expand to allow more males the right to votes
as __________________________ were removed.
Would change the way elections were conducted in order to appeal more to the common man.
Election of 1824 – Corrupt Bargain
Four Candidates get electoral votes: Andrew Jackson
William Crawford
94
41
John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay
84
37
Since no one had a majority in the Electoral College, the _______________________ decides the winner.
House chooses John Quincy Adams after Clay has his supporters shift their votes to him.
Adams makes __________ the Sec. of State. What is significant about that position?
Jackson claims there was a Corrupt Bargain between them.
He would spend the next 4 years campaigning for the Presidency.
Reflection Questions
How could you say that Eli Whitney caused the Civil War, but also is responsible for the North winning?
How did the Transportation Revolution with Turnpikes and Canals help to link the Old Northwest with New England and
their Industrial Revolution?
In what ways was the Era of Good Feelings a great time to live in the United States and in what way was it not so good?
What happened in the 1824 election to make Jackson yell corruption?