Chapter 8
Africa and the Americas
Words, Terms and People to Know
►Tenochtitlan
►Aksum
►Songhai
►Shona
►Aztec
►Olmec
►Maya
►Mali
►Kilwa
►Inca
►Mansa
►Ghana
►Kush
Musa
Africa &
Chapter 8
the Americas 2000 B. C.—1500 A. D.
pages 128-143
► The
First Global Age
 6. Describe the
importance of the West
African empires of
Ghana, Mali and
Songhay including:
► a.
Trade routes;
► b. Products;
► c. The spread of the
Arabic language;
► d. The spread of Islam.
Equestrian statue from Mali, 13th –
15th cent., terracotta, 27" ht.
Physical and Political Africa
Africa: Land and Resources
19:29
Aida true? No, it is fictional. It is claimed that the Egyptologist Auguste Mariette wrote
a brief plot for an opera in 1869 at the request of the Khedive. Although there are
scholars who argue that the scenario was really written by Temistocle Solera. In 1870
this concept, worked into a scenario by Camille du Locle, was proposed to Giuseppe
Verdi. He accepted it as a subject for Aida.
Early Demotic developed in Lower Egypt
during the later part of the 25th Dynasty.
This is the Ostracon with Demotic
inscription. Ptolemaic dynasty, c. 305-30
BC. Probably from Thebes. It is a prayer
to the god Amun to heal a man's
blindness.
Africa OAT Vocabulary
OAT:
► Opera- form of drama set to
music
► Architecture- the art or science
of building
► Renaissance- revival or rebirth;
a movement or period of
► Decipher- to interpret the
vigorous artistic and intellectual
meaning of
activity
► Dynasty- succession of rulers in
► Script- a style of writing; written
one line of descent
characters
► Hellenistic- of or relating to
► Stela- sculptured, upright slab
Greek history, culture or art
or batlet of stone used for laws,
after Alexander the Great
Amenemhet 3
decrees or milestones
► Naturalismrealism
in
a
work
of
th
25 Dynasty
► Temple- stately structure
art or literature
devoted to religious exercises
► Traditions- the handing down of
This scene, from the Papyrus
of Hunefer,
shows
the of religious
► Theologythe
study
information, beliefs
and
customs
Hunefer's heart being weighed against the feather of truth.
faith,
practice
experience
bythe
word
of mouth
or by
Today, in
popular
mind,IfAfrica
means
Egypt.
means
pyramids;
his
heart
is lighter
thanEgypt
the feather,
he
is and
allowed
to pass
into
the afterlife.
Vignettes religion
such as these
were a common
example
from one
generation
to
pyramids
mean religion—for
most
people,Egyptian
and theology
boils
illustration in Egyptian books of the dead.
down toanother.
nothing but-MUMMIES! Africa is more than mummies!
►
Africa has a population of more that 750 million people. Many people believe that Africa was the
homeland of the first humans. Many foreigners explored Africa and brought religion, slavery, and
rule to the continent, however, today all Africa is independent. 8:28
Akhenaten and the new religion of
Aten
He is especially noted for abandoning
traditional Egyptian polytheism and
introducing worship centered on the
Aten which is sometimes described as
monotheistic, but henotheism would be
a more accurate description,
since he ranked the Aten above other
gods but did not deny their existence .
18th Dynasty Reign 1353 BC – 1336 BC or
1351– 1334 BC.
Egypt takes control of Kush around 1520
B.C. and forces her religion (forced
diffusion) on them. By 1000 B.C. Kush
returns the favor and brings back that “old
time” religion the Egyptians had forgotten
or “desecrated”. Today there are many
religions in Africa including: Islam,
Christianity
and many forms of animism.
►
Statue of Akhenaten
Religions of Africa
1:28
Overview Section 1 explains how the ancient African civilizations of Kush and
Aksum passed along elements of their culture. Ancient Kush was located south of
Egypt on the Nile River. Conquered first by the Egyptians and later by the
Assyrians, Kushites learned much from both cultures. As Kush declined, another
kingdom, Aksum, rose to take its place. Like Kush, Aksum was a trading country.
I. Ancient African Kingdoms
►
A. Kush first African trading
civilization south of Egypt—2000 B.C
►
B. Present day Sudan
►
C. Nomadic cattle grazers
►
D. During the New Kingdom the
Egyptians conquered Kush

1. remains part of Egypt for 500 years
Kingdom of Kush
[295 BCE – 320 CE]
Nubia
[modern-day Sudan]
I. continued



2. learned to worship Amon-Re and become true believers
3. 1160 B.C. Kushites win back independence
4. est. capital at Napata beginning 25th Dynasty: 721 - 707 BC.
►
a. caravans carry gold, ivory, ebony to EgyptThe Victory Stele of Piankhy
E. About 750 B.C. Kushite king Kashta captures part of Egypt and
declares himself as “king of Upper and lower Egypt”

1. Kashta’s son, Piankhi conquers Egypt and his dynasty
rules for 70 years. Piankhi restored the temple of Amun
at Gegel Barkal.
The temple, at Napata was in ruins when Piankhy’s reign
began. He encased its weatherworn masonry in new
stone and added his own grand forecourt. Declares
himself son of the god Amun (whom Akhenatenhad
James Henry Breasted copying a hieroglyphic
usurped) invaded Egypt, captured Memphis. His victories
text 1906 from Shabaka Stone
are recorded on a stela found at Gebel Barkal


King Shabaka ( 25th Dynasty: 721 - 707 BC.) moves
dynasty to Memphis. The Memphite Theology text on the
Shabaka Stone is the oldest known discussion of right and wrong
in history
Shebitku (Shabataka) 698-690 B.C.
25th Dynasty Shebitku was the second
king of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty.
Introduced demotic script which was
key to deciphering the Rosetta Stone.
G. 600 B.C. the Assyrians invade Egypt
armed with iron weapons and drive the
Kushites back south
H. A most valuable skill Learned secret of
iron smelting from the Assyrians
I. 540 B.C. Kushites move capital to Meroe
F.
J. Menroe had a huge temple dedicated to
Amon-Re and trees to fuel smelting furnaces
 1. Sandstone palaces and red brick houses filled the city
Places to Locate: Meroe
 2. Small pyramids were in the royal cemetery. Taharqa
was a pharaoh, a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth
dynasty of Egypt. His reign can be dated from 690 BC to
664 BC. Restored temples-at Karnak esp. Naturalism replaced
Granite sphinx of Taharqa from Kawa in Sudan
idealized style of earlier pharaohs.
 3. Smelting furnaces were plentiful
1 : of, relating to, or characteristic of a pharaoh or the pharaohs
2 : enormous in size or magnitude <pharaonic construction projects>
 Nectanebo I (380 - 363 BCE)
founded the 30th Dynasty, the last dynasty to be ruled by
native Egyptians, late in Egypt's Pharaonic Period.
 4. Meroe remained a trading center for 600 years -- to be
replaced by Aksum in 350 A.D.
K. Aksum






1. a trading country
2. imported silk, spices and elephants
from India
3. exported gold, ivory, slaves from
Africa
4. Jewish, Greek and Arab merchants
settle in Aksum
People to Know: Ezana
5. Greeks bring Christianity to Aksum
6. The ancient kingdom of Aksum was
unusual because Emperor Ezana Queen of Sheba
(read) converts to Christianity in 324 A.D.
Christian heritage remains to this day.
continued




7. developed writing system
8. farmed on terraces
9. build stone monuments over 60 feet
tall
10. around 600 A.D. Arab armies force
them into the interior of their country
where they lived in isolation for 1000
years.
Time for a GRAPHIC ORGANIZER!
Controlled
NE African
Trade
Written
Language
AXUM’S
ACHIEVEMENTS
Spread
Christianity
in No. & E.
Africa
Built
Stelae
Terrace
Farming
It’s a good idea to make yourself a graphic organizer after you finish a
section of notes or study period to ensure you understand what is
important about the material
West African Trading Kingdoms: The
Gold-Salt Trade
SALT
GOLD
On a journey from Dakar across Senegal and Mali, this program explores the history, landscapes, and cultures of the
southern borderland of the Sahara. The role of art in the traditions of the region's people is considered.
Overview
Section 2 deals with the West African trading kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and
Songhai. The trade of these empires was based on gold, salt, and other goods.
II. The Middle Kingdoms
►
A. Several large trading kingdoms develop after 400A.D.
B. Ghana
►
1. founded around 200 A.D.
2. smelted iron
3. expanded boundaries over West Africa’s major trade
routes
4. Salt and gold carried over caravan route




►
A.) salt from Taghaza and gold from Wangara in southwest Ghana



5. Silent barter pg. 132
Terms to Learn: Silent Barter
6. Only gold used in trade
7. 1042 A.D. Arabs from North Africa destroy capital and force
tribute from Ghana

Tenkamenin (1037-1075) His principles of democratic
monarchy and religious tolerance make his reign one of
the great models of African rule.
Cities in the western and central Sudan influenced by the
early spread of Islam, ca. eighth century A.D.
Tenkamenin - King of Ghana
12th Century AD
1037 - 1075
The Silk Road (or Silk Routes) is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes
across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the
Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.
Dissemination: 1 : to spread abroad as though sowing seed <disseminate ideas> 2 : to disperse
throughout
Diffusion: the spread of cultural elements from one area or group of people to others by contact
Does an item have to be a luxury
to be extremely valuable?
Items Traded on the Silk
How do scarcity, usefulness,
and transportation cost affect an
Road
item’s value?
Baghdad- dates, nuts, dyes, lapis lazuli Do all items have the same
value to all people?
China- silk, chrysanthemums, rhubarb, paper,
lacquer,
gunpowder, mirrors, bamboo
Damascus- almonds, purple dye, dried fruit, swords, glass,
cloth goods
Delhi- cotton, herbal medicine, precious stones, jade
Kashgar- pack animals, tea, dried fruit, medicinal herbs
Rome- gold coins, glass and glazes, grapevines, alfalfa
C. Mali

1. 1240 A.D. Ghana becomes a part of Mali

2. By conquering Ghana Sundiata Keita est. the
trading kingdom of Mali

3. Mansa Musa I (Mansa Musa)
People to Know: Mansa
Musa
►
►
►
►
a.) brought Islam to kingdom
Terms to Learn: Pilgrimage- 1324
led his
people
onfrom the
Musa depicted
holding
a gold nugget
1375 Catalan
the hadji from Timbuktu to Mecca.
HisAtlascaravan
consisted of 60,000people and traveled a total of
6,496 miles.
b. ) built great Sankore University in the trading city
of Timbuktu documentaryTimbuktu and the Songhai Empire video
c.) reigned for 25 years, controlled lucrative salt and
gold trade in Africa providing him with great wealth-followed by weak rulers and Mali loses its land to
others
Mali Empire
SALT
GOLD
[13c-15c]
Mali Empire [13c-15c]
25 minutes
D. Songhai
The shaded portion indicates the greatest exte
of the Songhai empire, ca. sixteenth century.
1. Largest and most powerful in West
Africa, largest of the three trading kingdoms
 2. Sultan Sunni Ali People to Know: Sunni Ali
 3. Askia Muhammad People to Know: Askia Muhammad
► a.) becomes more organized and
governed strictly according to Muslim law.
► b.) divided country into provinces with
governors over each province
Tomb of the Askias
► c.) Songhai lasted only 100 years
► d.) 1591 ruler of Morocco attacks and
captures gold mines

Songhai Empire
SALT
GOLD
[15c-16c]
Extent of
Islamic
Invasions
Great Zimbabwe
►
1. Not much is known about the people
and the culture of Great Zimbabwe. This is
due to the fact that they had no written
language and the oral traditions have not
survived. What we do know is what they left
behind in form of the Great Zimbabwe ruins.
The Shona speaking people moved into the
valley around 500 AD and began building
major parts of the stone walls in the 1100s.
Zimbabwe is the Shona word meaning
house of rock.
► 2.
The city of Great Zimbabwe is located in
the present day country of Zimbabwe.
Geographically it is located to the east of
the Kalahari desert between the Zambezi
and Limpopo rivers. The huge plains that
surround the city can support agricultural
and herding that the people of Great
Zimbabwe needed to sustain themselves. It
is interesting to note that although Great
Zimbabwe is in the area of several rivers it
is not actually on the shores of a river.
►3.
The city appears to be in the
middle of nowhere. It is believed,
however, that the city was located
on a gold-rich mine. Great
Zimbabwe was used and built as a
religious center and a place from
which they worshipped Mwari, the
creator of all life as well as the
sustainer of all things.
4. The Elliptical building is the mostTheimpressive
Elliptical Building
and extraordinary of the stone remains. The
outer wall of the building is 32 feet high and up
to 17 feet thick in parts. It stretches over 800
feet, forming a circumference with a maximum
diameter of 293 feet. The inside of this building
was probably reserved for the king or ruler for
melting down gold in smelters. As well as being
impressive for the fine granite walls, the city was
very rich in gold. The people traded along the
nearby Limpopo river. One of the most amazing
aspects of this great civilization is that they had
up to 20,000 people living around the elliptical
building in mud huts.
5. The huge stone buildings are built very
straight and uniform and were very well
planned in their construction. The stones
in the major walls were perfectly fitted
with each other and no mortar was used.
The only openings in the wall were for the
entrance and several drainage ditches. It is
interesting to note the similarities of these
walls to those of the castles built during
Medieval Europe.
►
6. Great Zimbabwe is so well known
because it is not known how it was
constructed nor why the civilization declined
around 1600. Much of this is due to the
strange fact that the people of Great
Zimbabwe left behind no record of a written
language nor any oral traditions. The fact
that the civilization disappeared as well as
the impressive and mysterious walls make
the Great Zimbabwe one of the truly lost
civilizations of the world.
Section Three: covers the rise of two trading kingdoms and city-states in East Africa. The
Bantu-speaking Shona set up a trading kingdom in Zimbabwe after a population explosion in
their homeland forced them to find new homes. Kilwa and other coastal cities handled trade
between Africa and Arabia, Persia, India and China
III.
East African Civilizations
►
A. Great Zimbabwe Places t o Locate: Zimbabwe
Terms to Learn: Population Explosion





►
1. one of the best know trading kingdoms-people
speak Bantu--one of the main African languages.
2. ancestors of the Shona (people who settled ancient
Zimbabwe) lived in present-day Nigeria but were
forced to move by a population explosion
3. viewed King as a god king and approached
crawling on their stomachs
4. when the king grew old he was to take poison
5. traded gold, copper, ivory along Africa’s east
coast and traded with Arabia, Persia, India and
China
Places to Locate: Kilwa
African Trade Routes
 B. Kilwa
►
►
►
►
►
Swahili city-state on East African coast
1. collected heavy taxes on traders of
other nations
2. dressed in fine silk and cotton
3. lived in four story houses with
vases and hangings from India and
China
4. developed the Swahili culture
which was a mix of Arabic and African
cultures
5. Swahili language is a mixture of
Bantu and Arabic. Bantu is spoken by
many African peoples
Run Time: [20:27]
The varied peoples of Africa are examined in terms of their histories, cultural traditions, and means of making a living.
Bantu
Migrations:
1000 BCE
To
500 CE
Early Human Migrations
Section Four : Section 4 discusses the migration of hunting-and-food-gathering
people to the Americas about 25,000 years ago. Over time, people spread out
over the Americas. Farming villages developed as people needed to find new ways
of getting food.
IV.






Path to the Americas
A. 25,000 years ago people migrated
across Bering Land Bridge
B. people reach southern tip of South
America around 9000 B.C.
C. 7000 B. C. ice age ended
D. by 6000 B.C people living in
Tehuacan Valley practicing agriculture
E. 3000 B.C. thousands of villages in
the Americas
F. 3000-1000 B.C. develop skills such
as weaving build irrigation systems
Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Defining Characteristics
- Mesoamerican
Section
Five : focuses
on the earlyCivilization
civilizations of Mesoamerica. The Olmecs developed
ball courts
cities,
hieroglyphic writing, and a calendar. The Maya were great traders, mathematicians,
cacao
and astronomers. A warlike people, the Aztec ruled central Mexico until they lost their empire
chinampa agriculture
to the Spaniards.
barbecho agriculture
roza agriculture - shifting
codices
grinding of corn mixed with ash and lime
hieroglyphic writing
first evidence 1863
human sacrifices
Thor Heyerdahl
lip ornaments
periodic market systems
polished obsidian
The other Mesoamerican
sandals with heels
cultures took their hieroglyphic writing systems and ways of
13 as a ritual number
measuring time from the Olmec
year of 18 months of 20 days plus 5 extra days
wood clubs laced with flint or obsidian blades
stepped pyramids
1969 and 1970 RA and
jade as precious stone
Ra II in the Kon-Tiki Museum
V.
Mesoamerica
A. The Olmecs
1. 1000B.C. mother culture of most
Mesoamerican cultures.
2. developed planned cities and
hieroglyphic writing and a calendar.
Check out this
further insight
into Olmec religious
beliefs: http://www.meta3.site for
Lived
southern
coast
of Gulf of
religion.com/World_Religions/Ancient_religions/Central_america/olmecs_religion.htm
Mexico
Animals were strong symbols in the Olmec religion. Because of this, it is concluded that the Olmecs practiced
4. believed
Religion—not
knowdrugs
for
shamanism. They
that each person had an much
animal spirit.is
Hallucinogenic
fromsure
the marine frog
may have been used by the shamans for trances. The nobles were buried with jewels in plazas constructed of
jade walls. The Temple of the Feathered Serpent in Teotihuacan isan example of an Olmec ceremonial site.
B. The Mayas
1. began 500 B.C. peaked between 3-900 A.D.
2. lived in present day Mexico, Belize and
Guatemala
3. farming villages that surround religious cities
4. The best description of the Maya would be
great prosperous traders and mathematicians
5. Mayan Hieroglyphs
6. Idea of zero and counting system based on 20
MAIZE COBBS - TEHUACAN VALLEY Peabody
7. Able to predict eclipsesEARLY
Astronomers
- Philips
Calendar
to Andover, MA.
Museum of Archaeology,
Academy,
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
Period: 300
- - 1500
CE
predict eclipses of sun and moon.Time
Believed
theCEearth
moved
through
Region:
Central
America
cycles of birth and destruction in which the world is consumed by
fire.
December 23rd, 2012 – Mayan Day of Doom – The
end of this cycle according to the Maya.
8. Made cotton cloth and paper
9. Abandon cities around 900 A.D.
►
►
►

a.) plague, war, lack of food? Countdown to DOOM!!!
Mayan Long Count Calendar
Lands of the Mayans
The Yucatan
Peninsula
Chichen-Itza - Pyramid
Chichen-Itza - Observatory
Chichen-Itza - Ball Court
Mayan Underground Granaries:
Chultunes
Overview of Tikal
(Guatemala)
Temple of the Masks
Tikal Jungle View at Sunset
Tikal - Main Court
Tikal:
Temple
of the
Masks
Mayan Drinking Cup for
Chocolate
Pakal: The Maya Astronaut
Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past is a book written in 1968 by
Erich von Däniken. It involves the hypothesis that the technologies and religions of
many ancient civilizations were given to them by space travelers who were welcomed
as gods.
The Mayas
(9:30)
C. The Aztecs
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
1. 1200 A.D. begin moving into central Mexico
2. includes all central Mexico and eventually includes
some 5 million people
3. Tenochtitlan (capital of Aztec empire)
4. 300,000 people live in Tenochtitlan
5. dig drainage canals and plant corps in soil-filled reed
baskets
6. built aqueducts
7. canoes delivered water from reservoirs to peoples
houses
8. warlike people whose religion was closely
connected to war made conquered people pay tribute
in corn, clothing, rubber and wood and used them as
sacrifices to maintain the tonalli, or animating spirit of the
universe.
9. Aztec religion
Aztec View of Tenochtitlan
Ruins of the City Center,
Tenochtitlan
Aztec Religion
Human sacrifice as shown in
the Codex Magliabechiano.
► The
Aztecs had many beliefs. They believed
the sun fought darkness every night and
rose to save mankind. They believed the
earth was flat. They believed that if they fed
the sun blood, it would rise. They also
believed in 13 heavens and 9 hells. The
Aztecs respected their gods very much.
They put their greatest efforts into making
strong, beautiful temples to please their
gods. Their arts had a part in their religion.
They drew pictures that told about their
gods. They recorded religious events with
hieroglyphics and even number symbols.
►The
Aztecs worshipped about 1,000
gods! But they worshipped the sun god
the most. Religious ceremonies took
place in a temple called a teocalli. This
temple had sacred pools for ceremonial
cleansing, gardens, living quarters for a
priest, and racks to hold the skulls of
victims. Religion played a great part in
Aztec life.
Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan
Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring
Tribes to the Sun God
► Sacrifice
was one of the main events in the
Aztec religion. Priests made human
sacrifices to make the sun god happy. Aztecs
fought in wars to capture men to sacrifice.
On God's Feast Day, they killed their slaves
for the gods. Human sacrifices were
offerings to the sun and earth so that food
would grow. On the night of the O' Nothing
Days, priests would dress up as the
supreme gods and wait on the top of an
extinct volcano. When the evening star
reached the top of the sky, the priests would
stretch the captive over an altar, or a special
stone.
A jaguar-shaped cuauhxicalli in the National Museum
of Anthropology. This altar-like stone vessel was used
to hold the hearts of sacrificial victims. See also
chacmool.
More…
►
Then the high priest would light a fire on the victim's
heart and tear it out. After the heart is cut, the priest
would hold the heart to the sun, then put it in a sacred
dish. Finally, the bodies were rolled down the temple
stairs to lie in a heap. Most victims were they would go
straight to heaven. The Aztecs strongly believed in the
afterlife. It was the way the Aztecs died rather than the
way they lived that determined whether they would go
to the sun god or go to the dark and dismal underworld.
If a person died a normal death, his or her soul would
have to pass through the nine lives of the underworld
before reaching Mictlan, the realm of the dead. A
warrior who died in battle or a woman that died in
childbirth would go straight to the sun god in the
Still More…
►
sky.The head of the gods was Huizilopochtlid, god of
war and god of sun. This god had told the Aztecs to
wander until they found an eagle with a serpent in its
mouth perched on a cactus growing from a rock. When
they found this, they claimed the area around it, which is
now known as Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs worshipped
Tlaloc, the rain god, in the main temple. This god was
very important to farmers because drought was a threat in
the area.Quetzalcoatl was a feathered snake who
represented arts, crafts, and self-sacrifice.Priests and
priestesses were very important people. They acted as
doctors, and taught science, art, writing, music, dance,
history, and counting. They also had to know astronomy
and astrology. They had to perform difficult ceremonies.
Religion played an important part in Aztecs' lives, and
human sacrifice was used to pay homage to their gods.
Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar
Aztec Gold
‘…like monkeys they seized upon it...in truth they thirsted
mightily for gold; they stuffed themselves with it, and starved
and lusted for it like pigs.' (12.31)
Read more at Suite101: Visions of Colonialism: Spanish and Indian Literature http://www.suite101.com/content/literaryperspectives-of-colonialism-a76134#ixzz109pnZ6KG
► The
Aztec Empire reached its height in the
early 1500s under Montezuma II. During
his reign Spaniards under Hernan Cortez
conquered them.
Guns
►
war dogs—large mastiffs
horses
Indian Allies
►
►
►
Germs
Steel
►
►
►
►
long, strong flexible
steel swords & armour
Moctezuma in the Codex Mendoza
Cortez captured Tenochtitlan in 1521
and terminated the Aztec empire.
The Aztec
(7:30)
Section Six: Section 6 covers the huge, wealthy empire of the Inca and describes
the Inca way of life. The Inca controlled their empire through a common
religion, language and road system.
VI.
The Incas
►
A. Contemporary founding with the Aztec
People to Know: Pachacuti
6000 B.C.

B. By 1500 , 12 million people lived in the
Inca Empire in the Andes
C. History
►
machuPicchu
►
1. farmers and shepherds on the slopes of the
Andes
2. 1438 Pachacute conquers neighboring
people—an imperial power est. an empire.
3. Cuzco capital and religious center



►
Machu Picchu another religious site and retreat
Incan Terrace Farming
Over 100 Different
Types
of Potatoes Cultivated
by the Incans
Lands of the Incas
Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the
Inca
(11,000 ft. above sea level)
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu
Incan Mummies
Violence and weapon-related trauma
at Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru
Highly Stratified Society
► 1.
Sapa Inca (descendant of Inti, the sun god)
Army top commanders, family members of the
Sapa Inca
2. Temple Priests, Architects and regional army
commanders
3. Army captains, artisans, farmers and herders
4. Farmers who had to provide most of the food and
had to pay taxes by building roads, mining gold or
in kind.
Inca Gold & Silver
3. orders conquered people to worship Inca sun god
and use the Inca Language
4. built system of roads and rope bridges
5. way stations need for the army were
established
 A.) only soldiers and govt. officials were
allowed to use the roads
► 6. Inca Way of Life
►
►





a.) Inca (ruler) determined how people lived. Forced
conquered people to accept the Inca religion and
language
b.) Villagers paid taxes to the empire by labor and in
kind
c.) No written language so special accountants used
quipus to keep track of records
d.) Wealth of the empire attracted attention of the
Spaniards p. 142
e.) Conquered by Francisco Pizzaro in 1532
Inca
(7:31)