Do Now (Connection to Film)
 Think back to the film from last class…
 Define the following in regards to the Renaissance:
 Commerce
 Globalization
 How did these two factors impact Europe in the mid 14th
centaury?
The Crusades
 Why Important?
 How did they impact the development of the
Renaissance?
 What other factors influenced the development of the
Renaissance?
The Crusades
 Why Important?
 Increased contact with Eastern civilizations (Muslims)
leading to increased commerce and globalization
 How did they impact the development of the
Renaissance?
 + for Italian port cities
 + intellectual ideas
 What other factors influenced the development of the
Renaissance?
Causes of the Renaissance
Black Death
Political disorder
Economic recession
RENAISSANCE
th
14
Century Recovery
 Black Death
 Political disorder
 Economic recession
The Black Death (Plague)
 Europe loses 1/3 its population to disease
 Labor is hard to find (scarce)
 Towns and many serfs freed from feudal obligations
 Church’s influence declines.
 Disrupts pattern of trade.
Economic Effects of the Crusades
 Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
 Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle
Eastern markets
 Encouraged the use of credit (borrowing money) and
banking.
Important Economic Concepts
 Church rule against usury and the bank’s practice of
charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
 Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money
and speed-up trade.
 New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of
Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Impact of Crusades and Black Death
 Feudalism no longer works
 Growth of trading towns and cities
 Cities are free from feudal obligations
 Manorialism no longer works
 Not enough workers
 Demand for Middle Eastern Goods causes increase in
trade
The Italian Renaissance
 Rebirth?
 Classical Greco-Roman learning, art, architecture
 circ. 1300 to 1527(?)
Italy
 Powerful city-states
 Politically, economically, socially
 Secularism
 Education System
 Remnants of Greatness
City States
 Italy lacked a single ruler
 Major City States…
 Papal
 Milan
 Venice
 Florence
Milan
 1447= Francesco Sforza (Duke)
 Strong centralized state
 Efficient tax system
Florence, Venice, & Genoa (Italy)
 Were initially independent city-states governed
as republics.
 Had access to trade routes connecting Europe
with Middle Eastern Markets.
 Served as trading centers for the distribution of
goods to northern Europe
Venice
 Run by merchant class (aristocracy)
Florence
 1434 = Cosimo & grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici (d. 1492)
 Spoils system helped them keep control
 Cultural center of italy
 Supporters (Patrons) of the arts!
 Balance of Power
Papal States/Rome
 Rodrigo Borgia (aka. Pope Alexander VI - 1492)
 Highly Secular
 Cesare Borgia – Commander of Papal Armies
Renaissance Society
 Social Hierarchy
 Clergy
 Nobility
 Everyone else
 Patricians / traders, merchants
 Burghers / shop-keepers, artisans
 Low wage earners, unemployed
 Patriarchal in nature
 Arranged marriages w/ dowries
Humanism
o Humanism was an ideal that
focused on the world of mankind as
much as a concern for the hereafter.
o Rejected medieval view of
humanity and focused on the
goodness of mankind
20
3/11/2016
Humanism
 Emphasis on the individual
 Well rounded
 Educated
 Loyal
 Physically fit
High Renaissance
 1480 - 1520
Art in Italy
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Mona Lisa
 Last Supper
Masaccio
 Frescoes
 Wet plaster / water based paint
 Perspective = 1 or 2 point
Art Stresses
 Organization
 Geometry
 Realism
Sculpture
 Donatello
 “Saint George”
Filippo Brunelleschi
 Architecture
 Medici’s were patrons
 “Church of Saint Lorenzo”
Artwork in the Middle
Ages
Techniques in
Medieval Art
 Halo
 2-D
 Theme
 Color
 Proportion
The Epiphany
Giotto di Bondone
Saint Andrew
Simone Martini
The
Pentecost
Mosan
Artwork in the
Renaissance
Renaissance
timeline
Michelangelo
David
Donatello
David
Michelangelo
Raphael
Leonardo
REFORMATION
1400
1500
1600
 Perspective
 Vanishing Point
Techniques in
Renaissance Art
 Foreshortening
 Chiaroscuro
 Colors used
 Sfumato
 Posto / Contrapposto
 Realism
 Portrait
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Raphael
The Marriage of
the Virgin
Raphael
The Marriage of
the Virgin
Raphael
Andrea Mantegna c.
1480
Andrea Mantegna c.
1480
Annunciati
on with St.
Emidius
By: Carlo
Crivelli
Annunciation
with St.
Emidius
By: Carlo
Crivelli
Young Woman
with a Water
Pitcher
(1622)
Johannes
Vermeer
Young Woman
with a Water
Pitcher
(1622)
Johannes
Vermeer
Giovanni
Arnolfini
and his
Wife
Sfumato
The Last Supper
Leonardo DaVinci
Where do we see examples of all these different techniques?
Renaissance Art
Evaluating the Progression from Medieval to Renaissance
Madonna and Child
in Glory
By Jacopa di Cione
1360/65
Miraculous
Mass of Martin
of Tours
Franconian
School
Ca. 1440
Madonna and Child
with St. John
Guiliano Bugiardini
1510
Adoration of the
Shepherds
Giovanni
Agostino da Lodi
1510
The Adoration of the Magi by the Kress
Monnogrammist, ca. 1550/1560
The Bean Eater by Annibale Carracci, 1582/83
Spread of Renaissance
 Possible w/Gutenberg’s
innovative movable metal type
printing press (1445)
 By 1500, a thousand printers
published 40000 tiles (1/2
religious)
 Literacy rates spiked as did
cultural diffusion
Northern Renaissance
 Starts in 1450, 100 years
later than Italy
 Cultivated knowledge of
classics (& early Christian
writers)
 Tried to apply classics to
Christianity for reform
 Promoted simpler
Christian interpretation
than complicated Medieval
dogma
Northern vs. Italian Art
Northern Renaissance Art
 Like humanism, religion based/ Devotional
 In painting, Flanders School used oil/more intense
w/realism perspective not as important
 Due to religion, art seen in illuminated manuscripts,
especially Limbourg Brothers & altarpieces
Northern v. Italian Art
Italian
Northern

Canvas, Sculpture, Fresco,
tempura, architecture

Wood Panel, Engraving, Illustration,
Oil on…, glazing

Perspective, Symmetry,
Balance, Good sense of Mass

Detail, Naturalism

Classical Mythology, Religious

Interiors, Portraits, Religious

Figures w/ Mass/Volume, Use
of Anatomy

Extreme / Minute Detail
Book of Hours (religious prayer
book)
Jan van Eyck
 Realistic ainter
who worked on
details
 His Altarpiece of
Ghent, portrait of a
Man & Portrait of
Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Wife are his
most famous works
Rogier van der Weyden Deposition
Robert Campin’s Merode
Altarpiece
Albrecht
Durer
Self Portrait
(1500)
St. Jerome dans sa
cellule
(1514)
Engraving
Pieter Brughel The Harvesters 1565, Oil on wood
Peasant Wedding
1568
Women?
 Rare, but at times politically influential
 Isabella d’Este (Mantua)
 Turn to page 422
Intellectual Renaissance
Humanism!
Petrarch

Study of classical GrecoRoman past

14th cent. Father of Italian
Humanism

Liberal arts

Stressed classical Latin (Rome)

Civic duty

Individual purpose is to best
serve the state

Grammar

Rhetoric

Poetry

Moral philosophy

Ethics

history
The Intellectual
Renaissance
Writers and Philosophy
Vernacular
Dante’ Alighieri
Geoffrey Chaucer
Francois Rabelais

Italian

English

French

“Divine Comedy”

“The Canterbury
Tales”

“Pantagruel and
Gargantua”
Collection of
stories from
individuals
from all
walks of life

Son and Father
Giants

Comical Satire

How to gain
salvation
through his
travels
through the
levels of hell,
purgatory,
heaven

Niccolo Machiavelli
 Florentine Diplomat
 Forced into exile
 Wrote “The Prince”
 Question: How does a Prince obtain and maintain
power?
How Should Nobility Act?
 Baldassare Castiglione says…
 “The Book of the Courtier” / “Il Cortiere”
 1. born into, have character
 2. physical, military, and classical edu.
 3. show achievement w/ grace
 Purpose = win favor with and serve Prince
End of Renaissance
 1527
 Italian wars = 30 years
 French Charles VIII (1494) takes over kingdom of Naples
 Other city-states turn to Spanish for protection (Charles I)
 Troops are not able to be paid, thus sack Rome for the
spoils