Like a good neighbor…
Its not Statefarm…
 Backing
up 8 years, we’ll look at FDR’s
foreign policy in Latin America.
 Examine
the state of Europe prior to
American entry to the war.
 Begin
examining WWII once American
forces enter the battle.
 Let’s
consider the facts we already know
about what America has done to protect
countries in the western hemisphere.
 Asks
European powers to stay out of the
New World.
 No more colonies!
 “The
United States would intervene as a
last resort to ensure that other nations in
the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their
obligations to international creditors, and
did not violate the rights of the United
States or invite ‘foreign aggression to the
detriment of the entire body of American
nations.’”
 Ends
the possibility that European
powers would intervene in Central and
South American affairs.
 Allows the U.S. to go into these countries
and take care of business.
 When
FDR takes office, his goal is to
establish good relations with the western
hemisphere.
 Goal is global neutrality.
 The US would not act as a police force
and intervene in internal politics.
 Remained American foreign policy in
South America… then WWII became a
global distraction.
 No…
not Bill Nye the Science Guy…
 A Senate Committee that investigates
why America got involved in WWI.
 Conclude that, while little evidence truly
suggested this, that bankers and arms
manufacturers had influenced American
intervention in the war.
 American reaction = isolationism
 FDR’s
Sec/State from
1933 – 1944.
 Helps in the creation
of the United Nations
after WWII.
 We
mentioned that on Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler
invaded Poland.
 Hitler
uses the blitzkrieg, “lightning
warfare,” to quickly attack Poland.
 An
alliance!
 Hitler invades Poland from the west
 Stalin sends in Soviet forces from the east
 By the end of the month, Polish forces are
defeated or effectively destroyed.
 Poland
falls; Europe is quiet until the
spring of 1940.
 Hitler conquers Denmark and Norway in
under a month.
 Conquers country after country, with the
Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
all falling quickly.
 Hitler
pushes west through his newly
conquered territory.
 French expected Hitler to enter through
Belgium as was done in WWI.
 Thought the Maginot Line would help
defenses.
 They thought wrong.
 While
Hitler conquered all of France, he
held Paris and the north.
 Southern France remains French
(German influenced).
 Eiffel Tower continues use as a radio
transmitter.
 Allows Hitler to turn his eyes on Britain.
 Britain
had been preparing for war on
the homefront.
 Largely an air battle, although London
remains under siege for one month.
 Residents required to have blackout
curtains.
 A failure for Hitler.
 Turns his back on Britain.
 Japan
signs the Tripartite Pact, officially
entering WWII.
 FDR embargoes important supplies
• Fuel
• Iron Ore
• Oil
• Steel
• Rubber
 Roosevelt
defeats Wendell Wilkie in the
election of 1940, carrying 38 of 48 states
and winning an unprecedented 3rd term.
 Effectively
ends American isolationism in
1941 when FDR pledges to send wartime
supplies to countries in need – the allies.
 "What do I do in such a crisis? I don't say...
'Neighbor, my garden hose cost me $15;
you have to pay me $15 for it' …I don't
want $15 — I want my garden hose back
after the fire is over.”
- FDR in a press conference
 First
extended to Great
Britain
 Months later, extended to
USSR
 Sen. Robert Taft: “Lendlease is a lot like chewing
gum… You don’t want it
back.”
 Sept. 11, 1941 – “shoot on
sight”
A
military genius
 Commander of all
Japanese forces in
WWII.
 Mastermind of the
Pearl Harbor attacks
 Congresswoman
 Women’s
Army Corps
• The Women in WWII group did an excellent job
outlining what this group did and what
opportunities it provided women with.
 Clerks, drivers, technicians, nurses
 WWII
production was maximized by
government efforts.
 Acknowledgements by allies for being a
key factor in the war effort.
 Japanese
forces focus on the Philippines,
another American stronghold in the
Pacific.
 General Douglas MacArthur does not
fully understand how powerful the
Japanese forces are.
 75,000 troops surrender in May, 1942, in
the single largest surrendering of troops
under American control in history.
 Prisoners
are forced to
march from the coast to
inland POW camp.
 Marched 80 miles.
 Many prisoners die of
starvation, exhaustion, or
disease.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQW
dETwFACs
 An
American military strike against
Tokyo.
 Minimal damage done, minimal gain, but
the Americans finally see something
good in the Pacific.
 The
US attempts to block the Japanese
from gaining territories too close to
Australia in the Pacific.
 Battle of Coral Sea is immediately
inconclusive, yet effectively terminates
the Japanese threat in the Pacific basin.
 Each
of the three axis powers sought to
establish an empire in their own sphere
in the world.
 They worked together, separately.
 The allies worked to put down the axis
powers; considered Germany the most
dangerous power to contend with.
 After
Pearl Harbor, Americans grow
increasingly fearful of what persons of
enemy descent might be capable of (ie:
communicating with ships off shore)
 Executive Order 9066 allows for the
creation of internment camps around the
country.
 Relocation
centers (camps) opened
around the country.
 Many of them were not fully finished at
the time of their opening.
 Fort Lincoln (ND) originally opened to
house German sailors and would come to
hold Italians and Japanese.
 Removal overseen by the War
Relocation Authority.
A
memoir by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston.
 Two accounts of conditions in the camp
and an insight into Japanese culture.
A
very cautious and narrow Supreme
Court decision.
 Upheld that Exec. Order 9066 was legit.
 Said that relocation was a separate
matter.
 Ordered
to cease
the detainment of sworn citizens
 In
June 1941, Hitler sends forces into the
USSR to capture major cities, including
Moscow.
 Hitler did not account for brutal Russian
winters.
 Slash and burn tactics by retreating
Soviets left little resources for massive
armies to use.
 Hitler’s
armies are unable to further
invade the USSR
 USSR moves westward towards German
border.
 Allies
agree that an invasion of Sicily
would be their way into Europe.
 July 1943
 Dwight Eisenhower, Joint Commander of
US/British Forces
 After 5 weeks, Italy surrenders, Mussolini
is ousted, and Italy declares war on
Germany.
 Allies
bombed around the clock to strike
strategic German positions or facilities.
 Bombers suffer high casualty rates
 Tuskegee Airmen lost no one
 Battle
of Midway in the Pacific turns the
tide of war in the Pacific.
 At Guadalcanal, Americans go on the
offensive in the Pacific.
 Military
codes could be broken in as a
little as two hours.
 Developed by Philip Johnston
 Recruits 29 Navajo speakers to the armed
forces.
 It remains the only unbroken code in
modern military.
 Successful – stumps Japanese, brings
about a faster end to Pacific war.
 http://movieclips.com/mWqKd-
windtalkers-movie-call-in-the-code/
 Women
were able to secure employment
in many industries, from blue collar
factory jobs to white collar office jobs.
 Emergence of Day Care Centers
 Women held jobs for husbands
 WWII set women’s employment on an
increasing trend thru the 40s and 50s.
 For
African Americans, victory from
fascism and victory from discrimination
 Championed by A. Philip Randolph
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJ7sa7
x0h6w
 To quell Civil Rights concerns, Roosevelt
issues Exec. Order 8802, ensuring nondiscriminatory practices in gov’t jobs.
 After
8802, many African Americans
champion equal rights.
 NAACP membership = half million
 CORE founded in 1942
 Randolph
can be credited with providing
the impetus for ending segregation in the
armed forces. (Truman)
 Detroit
sees racial violence over housing
(summer 1943)
 Zoot Suit Riots – Mexicans/Mexican
Americans and white Americans.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsFN
2fMLL-s
 The Teheran
Conference was the first
time Stalin, Churchill, and FDR met in
person.
 Agree to invade France
 Eisenhower
is appointed as Supreme
Commander of Allied Forces
 Leads Canadian, British, and American
forces on an invasion of five beaches
along the Normandy coast.
 Set up false invasion plans at Calais so
that Hitler would send more troops there.
 Troops
land on the beaches and meet
stiff resistance from German fighters.
 Encounter mine fields along the beach.
 Ultimately proves successful, although
thousands of soldiers would die.
 An
assassination attempt was made on
Hitler’s life on July 20, 1944.
 Captured in the movie Valkyrie; although
Valkyrie was not the specific operation to
kill Hitler.
 As
American troops advance across
France into Belgium and Germany, Hitler
wants to create confusion.
 Puts a “Bulge” in the American line
 American troops persevere
 Ends up crippling German army
 Germany
surrendered to Eisenhower.
 Known as V-E Day.
 FDR had died one month earlier.
 Truman is President.
 Hitler commits suicide on April 30.
 Island
hopping was main strategy
 Capture one island, move to next
 Slowly weakens Japan
 Major increase in kamikaze attacks
 36 days for Marines to capture Iwo Jima
 Okinawa is next major battle, allows
Americans to capture/bomb other
Japanese cities.
 6-Hiroshima
 9-Nagasaki
 15- V-J
 Final
Day, Emperor Hirohito surrenders
death toll in WWII was 60 million
(many civilian casualties)