Organic Compounds
1. What is an organic compound?
Carbohydrates
1. What three elements compose carbohydrates?
2. What is ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
3. What are the main functions of carbohydrates in living things? Give an example of a carbohydrate for each
function.
a.
, example
b.
, example
c.
, example
4. What are the three major groups of carbohydrates?
a.
, example
b.
, example
c.
, example
d. What is the basis of their grouping?
5. Monosaccharides, or
, contain
carbon atoms.
6. By what reaction are two monosaccharides chemically combined to form a disaccharide?
7. By what process are disaccharides digested into monosaccharides?
occur in the body?
8. What important storage polysaccharide do you produce?
a. Where do you produce it and store it?
b. How many monosaccharides is it composed of?
9. Sugar molecules have the suffix .
10. Fill in the chart below.
Carbohydrate
Importance
Glucose
Maltose
Lactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Glycogen
Starch
Lipids
1.
2.
3.
4.
Where does this
What three elements compose lipids?
Lipids contain
hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms.
Lipids serve many different functions in living organisms, but they are nonpolar and insoluble in
.
Lipids contain
as much energy as carbohydrates or proteins. As a result, fats, oils, and
fatty acids are the main molecules of
in mobile animals and plant seeds.
5. Fatty acids are long chain hydrocarbon molecules. They differ in lengths and whether they contain any double
bonds between carbons in the chain. Fatty acids that have no double bonds in the chain are
and those that have any carbon atoms joined by double bonds are called
.
6. Fats (
) and oils are formed when three fatty acids are joined to a three carbon
molecule called
.
a.
fats contain fatty acids that are saturated. They are usually
at
room temperature and are usually made by animals, including animal fats such as lard and butter.
b.
fats contain unsaturated fatty acids and tend to be oily liquids at room
temperature. These are more common in plants and include olive, peanut, and corn oils.
7. Phospholipids are important components of all
and help to regulate the
movement of molecules into and out of your cells.
8. Waxes are a form of structural lipid. They are often used for waterproofing and
.
9.
are specific types of lipids that give color to structures. Lipids and their derivatives are
responsible for the colors of plants, flowers, feathers, eggshells, and animal skins.
a.
is a green pigment that colors plants and is necessary for photosynthesis
by green plants.
b.
are red, orange, and yellow pigments. They are the main ingredients of
synthetic tanning oils!
10.
is a necessary component of cell membranes as well as a precursor to sex
hormones.
11. The steroid hormone
makes you look male or the steroid hormone
makes you look female!
12. Vitamin
is essential for strong bones and teeth. It is derived from cholesterol.
13. Vitamin
is necessary for blood clotting.
14. Vitamin
promotes wound healing and helps to prevent scarring.
15.
reduces inflammation and is made from cholesterol in the
glands.
16.
is a steroid hormone in pregnant women which sometimes causes “morning
sickness” and helps to promote gestation.
17. Fill in the chart below.
Type of Lipid
Examples
Primary Functions
Fatty Acids
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Phospholipids
Steroids
Proteins
1. What elements compose all proteins?
a. Many proteins also contain
and
.
2. What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins?
3. How many different types of amino acids are there?
4. By what process are amino acids linked together?
5. What kind of bond is formed between adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide?
6. What is the basis of protein variation and specificity? (How do proteins vary from one another?)
7. Proteins have great structural variation and exhibit 4 levels of structural organization. Describe each level of
structural organization.
a. Primary Structure
b. Secondary Structure
c. Tertiary Structure
d. Quaternary Structure
8. What factors can cause the denaturation of proteins?
What is the result of denaturation?
9. Enzymatic proteins often end in the suffix .
10. Foods that contain abundant amounts of amino acids of all different kinds include
.
11. Below are listed the classification of proteins by their functions. Give at least two examples of proteins in each
category and briefly describe the function of the group.
Type of Protein
Function
Example
Structural
Regulatory
Contractile
Immunological
Transport
Enzyme (Catalytic)
12. Fill in the chart below. Include the function of each of the following proteins and their locations in the body.
Name of Protein
Function
Location
Keratin
Collagen
Elastin
Myosin
Actin
Lysozyme
Amylase
Lactase
Sucrase
Pepsin
Trypsin
Insulin
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Fibrinogen
Factor VIII (see hemophilia)
Globulin
Albumin
Casein
Tyrosinase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
(see phenylketonuria)
Nucleic Acids
1. What elements compose nucleic acids?
2. What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
3. What are the monomers (building blocks/subunits) of nucleic acids?
4. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
a. Each nucleotide consists of 3 basic parts:
i. One of four
1. The four bases in DNA are
ii. The pentose sugar
iii. A phosphorous containing
b. What is the term used to describe the shape of the DNA molecule?
c. What is a gene?
.
.
.
5. Ribonucleic Acid
a. Each nucleotide consists of 3 basic parts:
i. One of four
1. The four bases in RNA are
ii. The pentose sugar
iii. A phosphorous containing
6. How does the structure of RNA basically differ from that of DNA?
7. What is the overall function of RNA?
8. What are the three types of RNA?
High Energy Compounds
1. What is the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in your cells?
2. What are the 3 basic parts of an ATP molecule?
3. Copy the structural formula for an ATP molecule:
4. How is the energy in an ATP molecule released?
What is formed as a result?
5. Where does the energy to phosphorylate ADP to ATP come from?
Fill in the following flow chart.
.
.
.