WATER FOR A GROWING
CITY:
A CASE OF LUSAKA
THE CAPITAL OF ZAMBIA
UNZA IWRM CENTRE
Prof. Imasiku A. Nyambe,
Coordinator IWRM Centre
FORMAT OF PRESENTATION
1.
Introduction: SADC level
2. Challenges of Lusaka:
Peri-Urban (PU) areas in Zambia
3. Response Options
4. Conclusion
WATER FOR A GROWING CITY
A CASE OF LUSAKA
THE CAPITAL OF ZAMBIA
1.
Introduction
Major River Basins of Southern Africa - 14 SADC
DRIVERS OF
CHANGE
ECONOMY:
Agriculture is the
most important
economic activity and
the biggest water
consumer (~80%)
In terms of INFRASTRUCTURE:
Note # DAMS
Source: Satellite Image: USGS MODIS,
28 December, 2001
Rivers and Dams: FAO Atlas of Water
Resources and Irrigation in Africa –
Aquasat, FAO 2001
Ramsar Sites: Ramsar 2003:
www.ramsar.org
The member states vary significantly in terms of size
and composition of their economies, and population
size (Table 1 – 1995 SADC Website data).
Table 1: Basic SADC Demographic and Economic Information
Country
Populati
on
Million
Malawi
11.5
0.37
(2003)
0.60
(2003)
2.277
(2003)
US$ 198
(2003)
58%
Mozambique
18.1
0.84
(2002)
1.3
(2002)
3.492
(2002)
US$ 193
(2002)
28 %
1.28
(2002)
1.32
(2002)
2.82
(2002)
US$ 1667
(2001)
81% (above 15
years)
Namibia
1.8
Exports
US$
billion
Imports
US$
billion
GDP
US$
billion
GDP / Capita
Literacy
Tanzania
33.6
1.68
1.93
9.74
US$ 266
(2002)
84 % (1997)
Zambia
10.7
1.0
1.60
4.34
US$ 392
(2003)
67% (2000
Census)
Zimbabwe
11.6
2.0 (2002)
2.32
22.0
US$ 1891
(2002)
88% (1999 )
40%
(2002)
(2003)
(2002)
(2003)
(2002)
(2002)
(2003)
(2002)
Climate-wise, the SADC region is very large and has a very
varied range of climatic conditions from tropical with an
annual rainfall in excess of 2000 mm to desert conditions with
no appreciable rainfall (Table 2).
Table 2: Climatic variety in the SADC region
Country
Malawi
Climate
Lowlands - hot, humid, tropical
Plateau - cooler tropical
Annual Precipitation (mm)
1800 to 760
North to south
Mozambique Tropical
400 to 1200
Namibia
North - semi arid
South- desert
200 to 500
30 to 150
Tanzania
Tropical
400 to 1400
Zambia
Tropical
1300 - north
500 to 750 – south
Zimbabwe
Northeast – tropical
Southwest – semi arid
1300 - east
400 – west
In terms of water availability, SADC
Water is usually found in one of
three forms:
• There is either too much,
• Or there is too little,
• Or it is too dirty”
We could also add that water is often:
•
•
Out of sight (underground), or
Someone else’s property
Variable, Extreme Events, Risks
Frequent droughts, often
“broken” by devastating
floods
Effluent contamination and
water-borne diseases
Kanyama Floods, 1978
Rapid population growth
(Urbanisation) is a major concern
and will continue to affect the
economic development of SADC
member states (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Population Growth and Water Availability in the SADC
Source:
SADC, IUCN,
SARDC, World
Bank, Sida.
Defining and
Mainstreaming
Sustainability in
Water Resources
Management in
Southern Africa,
2002. p.38
Water Available per Person in 2002 and
2025
2002
0
500
Kilometres
Water security
Adequate water
Water stress
Chronic scarcity
N
0
500
Kilometres
1000
2025
N
1000
Access to an Improved Water
Source – 2003
Urban
0
500
Kilometres
76 – 100 %
51 – 75 %
26 – 50 %
0 – 25 %
N
0
500
Kilometres
1000
Rural
N
1000
Adult (Age 15-49)
HIV/AIDS
Prevalence
Dec. 2003
Cross-Cutting Issues
Data Sources:
• UNAIDS, 2004
• World Factbook, 2004
0-5%
6 - 10 %
(Updated 2 Nov. 2004)
10 - 15 %
• World Population
15 - 20 %
Data Sheet, 2004
20 - 30 %
> 30 %
N
0
500
Kilometres
1000
This is a case of WATER FOR A GROWING
CITY : an example of LUSAKA
THE CAPITAL OF ZAMBIA
Where 3 constituencies are predominantly made of
unplanned settlements of the city.
Similar examples 3 SADC cities of Dar-Es-Salaam,
Harare, & Maputo.
Zambia is a landlocked country in
Southern Africa
with an area of
752,620 square
kilometers.
Administratively it is
divided into nine provinces
with 72 districts
(Government of Zambia;
2002) with a total
population of 9.8 million in
2000; 11.7million in 2006.
Rivers and Lakes
Zambia has six main catchment areas
Four major
rivers
Four natural
lakes
Extensive
swamps
Flood
plains
Shared
watercourse
systems e.g.
ZRB
Surface Water Quantity
Zambia has generally sufficient surface water
to meet the present and future demands.
The total surface
water potential is
estimated to
be 237 million
m3/day,
distributed
among major
rivers as shown.
(JICA, 1995)
However surface
water is not
available all over
the country,
especially the
southern and
western provinces
depends largely on
groundwater.
River System
Basin area
km2
Appr Water Mean d. disch.
mm3/d
Zambezi
268235
25 %
59.9
Kafue
156995
13 %
29.7
Luangwa
144358
24 %
57.1
Chambeshi
44427
11 %
23.9
Luapula
113323
28 %
54.1
Tanganyika
15856
4%
10.0
Groundwater Quantity and Distribution per Province
The total average GW
recharge estimated at
57.5 X 10 9 m3/year
equivalent to 78
mm/year (JICA, 1995).
Daily abstraction of 157
million m3/day.
Representing about 8% of
the total mean annual
rainfall.
GW distribution is very
variable - Table.
Province
Renewable Annual
Rescharge
Central
7.7 x 109 m3/y
Copperbelt
2.6
Eastern
6.1
Luapula
3.9
Lusaka
1.5
Northern
11.5
North-Western
11.4
Southern
5.7
Western
7.0
Total
57.5
Copper
contamination
along Stream
sediments –
Copperbelt,
Zambia
Konkola Mine
Nchanga M
Mufulira
Chambishi M
Chibuluma M
Nkana M
Challenges of Lusaka
Comprises: Urban area, Peri-urban areas and farm plots
WATER
REQUIREMENT
- Industrial
- Agriculture
- Domestic
Water demand is a critical factor for Lusaka
Present demand depends on two main water
sources :
1. Groundwater:
(Karstic carbonate & schist aquifers)
2. Surface Water
(Kafue River 50Km & streams on the Plateau)
What are the future water sources ?
The main categories of competing users
 Lusaka Water & Sewerage Company Ltd (LWSC)
 Private residential plots, small holdings & industrial sites
LUSAKA WATER AND SEWERAGE
COMPANY LTD
Abstracts about 50% from aquifers in Lusaka urban
and adjacent areas.
About 50% treated water comes from Kafue Rivers
Distributes water to about 40% of Lusaka Plateau.
Current abstraction is
estimated to be in the range
of 50.265 × 106m3 year-1 to
65.385 × 106m3 year-1,
which is already well over
the annual recharge of 45.44
× 106m3 year-1 at 8% of the
annual rainfall.
PRIVATE PLOTS, SMALL HOLDINGS &
INDUSTRIAL SITES
About 90% depend on groundwater
(Boreholes & hand dug wells)
Water is used for domestic, agriculture
and industrial purposes
Boreholes are constructed every year
Lusaka
Population 1964 -
196,000
Population 2006 -
1.5 million
Population Growth:
(a) After Independence – free movement
(b) mostly attributed to rural-urban migration especially of the
youth in search of employment and
(c) an influx of retirees and retrenched workers from privatized
mines and other companies.
(d) 60-70% of this population settled in more than 33 high-density
unplanned settlements or peri-urban areas of Lusaka.
THE SPOON OF PIPED WATER does NOT
extend to the Peri-Urban areas
2. CHALLENGE: Peri-Urban (PU) areas in Zambia
JICA (2001:1) defines peri-urban areas as unplanned
urban settlements that are disorderly developed mainly
due to the rapidly increasing population.
There are 372 peri-urban areas in Zambia; only 191
(51%) of these are legalized (GKW Group, 2006).
In Lusaka, there are 33 of them including Chaisa,
Ngombe, Kalingalinga, Mtendere and George. Others
are Kanyama, Chipata, Kamanga, Kalikiliki, Misisi,
Chawama, Jack Compound, Mandevu
Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features
1.
Informal or formal settlements of unplanned origin: This unplanned nature
is a hinderance to up-grading of services in the areas as it does not afford
an easy layout of piped network in order to achieve desired higher levels of
service (household connections) of 100% coverage.
Misisi Comp
Chawama Comp
Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features
2. High density low cost housing units:
3. Severe service deficiencies (poor infrastructure):
4. Unprotected wells, boreholes & dilapidated small piped water
networks as main water sources: Most of the PU areas, particularly
in Lusaka, are located in low flat areas, which are discharge areas
and as such they have high water table often sitting on excellent
aquifer systems.
5.
Poor water quality and supply: e.g “Too Numerous to Count (TNTC)
(Zulu and Nyambe, 2001).
6.
Poor public health with high disease prevalence: water borne diseases
such as cholera.
7.
High population density and growth rate: For example Kanyama with
198,686 people has a higher population compared to Kabwe with
176,758 (CSO, 2000), a planned municipality with WSS network. In
planning coverage
8.
High unemployment levels: The unemployment levels are highest
among the youth.
Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features (CNTD.)
9. Low income levels:
10. High illiteracy levels:
11. Sizeable number of skilled and talented human resource in
various disciplines: Most of the retirees from formal
employment find their new homes in PU areas.
12. Strong social, economic and religious activities:
13. Important market for goods and services:
14. Strong platform for political activities:
15. Poor sanitation with traditional pit latrine as the main type:
16. Haphazard solid waste and solid waste disposal:
17. High number of vulnerable groups (orphaned, elderly, physically
challenged including HIV/Aids patients):
Table 3: Peri - Urban Characteristic features (CNTD.)
18. High mobility level: general migration of rural population in
search of employment, there is a high level of in and out migration
from PU areas.
19. Lack of social structure, strong community based organizations &
governing bodies: PU areas lack the social structure based upon
traditional leadership and traditional institutions as well as strong
community based organizations.
20. High levels of vandalism: Due to high poverty levels, there is a
high level of vandalism in PU areas and some large ones in large
towns, a high level of crime exists.
21. ……………………………………………………………………………
2.2 Water Supply and Sanitation
Peri-Urban areas in Zambia are faced with several
challenges in the provision of water and sanitation
One major challenge in Lusaka is the need to meet
the demand for safe and adequate potable water, as
well as the need to provide access to adequate
sanitation for inter- alia so as to meet Lusaka's ever
rapidly increasing population.
Kanyama population
has grown to over
198,000 people
Hydrogeology and
geology map of
the Lusaka area.
The position of the
Kanyama
settlement is
indicated.
Modified from
Nyambe and
Maseka, 2000.
Flow towards NW
(mainly), SW and
NE.
Some of these
are used as
sites for both
and
solid
disposal
areas
dump
liquid
waste
Toilet under
construction
Kanyama is NOT
on sewer line but it
is depended on pit
latrines commonly
constructed to
follow the hollows
created by karstic
solutions during the
development of the
Karstic dolomite
(marble) aquifer.
WDM ZAMBIA STUDY - RESULTS
Completed
Toilet
Karstic
feature
Lack of sanitation facilities: mostly in form of Toilets
with limited sewer facilities e.g. Lusaka peri-urban
sitting on Karstic aquifer
4.Kanyama is depended on
this Groundwater through
shallow wells as there are
few lines for piped-water
Community involvement is Key to success
Threats to Quality comes from
wastewater discharges, agriculture,
deforestation, industry and mining
e.g GW Quality in KanyamaTownship –
Shallow Wells
WDM ZAMBIA STUDY - RESULTS
Examples of Cost from Treating Cholera
Patients – Money Spent on unbudgeted for
Health Costs
•Lusaka District had treated 739 Cholera cases
last year 2004
•The average hospitalization length for 1 patient
for rehydration and treatment was 5 days
•The cost to treat one cholera patient successfully
is US$450 for 5 days including staff overtime
•For 739 patients X US$450 = US$332,550
Table 4: Summary of Access to Safe Water Supply in
Zambia, 1990 – 2005
1990
2000
2005
Population Coverage Population Coverage Population
(‘000)
(%)
(‘000)
(%)
(‘000)
Coverage
(%)
Zambia
7,759
73
9,886
49.1 11,563,212
53
Urban
2,949
85
3,433
86.1
4,025,010
86
Rural
4,810
58
6,452
29.5
7,538,202
37
CSO, 2000. Zambia in Figures; CSO, 2004. Selected Socio-economic Indicators; CSO,
2004. Population Projections Report.
Baseline Study completed in June 2006 indicates that
in urban (including peri-urban) areas, water coverage is
only adequate for about 50% clearly raising concerns
on Zambia’s ability to attain the MDG by 2015.
Table 5: Summary of Access to Sanitation in Zambia, 1990-2005
1990*
2000*
2005**
Population Coverage Population Coverage Population Coverage
(‘000)
(%)
(‘000)
(%)
(‘000)
(%)
Zambia 7,759
23
9,886
14.9
11,563
23
Urban
2,949
54
3,433
39.2
4,025
41
Rural
4,810
5
6,452
2.1
7,538
13
Note: * Sanitation estimates have been worked out on basis of CSO (2000) definition of sanitary
facility (i.e. Flush toilet and VIP latrine) ** Rural coverage uses “sanplat” as proper sanitation facility
Coverage trends – (1990 – 2015)
Coverage/yr
Rural WS
Urban WS
Rural San.
Urban San.
Source: CSO
1990
58
85
5
54
2000
29.5
86.1
4
33
2005
37
86
13
43
2015
75
95
60
80
Dar Es Salaam = Water supply coverage
• Water supply schemes very old and leaking
74 % for 15 hrs per day
•
•
•
•
Leakage up to 47% internationally accepted
20%
76 % meters connected
Increased Pollution
Sanitation 17 %
Maputo city, on the other hand, with a population of ca. 3 million people and an
area of 750 Km2 is one of the fastest growing cities in Mozambique.
Over the last two
decades one of the
biggest challenges of
the municipal
authorities has been to
secure a safe and clean
source of water for
domestic consumption
for the fast growing
urban population.
3. Response Options
Due to the poor performance of the institutions charged with
the management of the water sector, Government realized
the need to reform the Water Sector, which started in the
1980s.
This necessitated putting in place the National Water
Policy of 1994(NWP, 1994) which set the framework for
the development and management of the water sector in
Zambia, a strategy (MLGH, 2001) to tackle issues in the
policy, specifically for peri-urban areas and guidelines
most of which have a bearing on PU areas.
•For example, the principal Water Act governing the management of
water resources dates from 1948 and fails to address key modern day
issues such as the use and protection of groundwater, shared
international waters, or customary law.
The main issues were:
• Lack of a comprehensive sector policy or strategy to guide
sector organisations in the performance of their tasks;
• Unclear roles and responsibilities for the water sector leading
either to duplication of efforts or gaps in some areas;
• Deteriorating infrastructure as a result of poor maintenance
and lack of new investments, with most of the investment being
provided by external Support Agencies;
• Erratic and insufficient funding through Government with little
impact of government institutions on the ground;
• Increasing pollution of water resources among other
environmental problems, particularly in the mining areas;
• Non-existence of comprehensive legislative framework for
managing water (No sector policy on Water Resources
Management (WRM) and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS);
the Water Act from 1948 was outdated and did not cover WSS);
and
• Lack of stakeholder involvement and ownership by consumers
and users.
The reforms have and are being strategically
implemented into two:
Reorganisation of the Water Supply and Sanitation
sub-sector (WSS) from 1993 to date; and
Reorganisation of Water Resources Management
from 2001 to date.
In 1994 National Water Policy was therefore adopted
to address the issues, with emphasis on
strengthening framework for Water Resources
Management following an integrated water resources
management approach.
The objective NWP: to promote sustainable water
resources development with a view to facilitating
adequate, equitable and good quality water for all
users at acceptable costs and ensuring security of
supply under varying conditions.
This objective was to be achieved through the
following key policy strategies:
1.
Recognising the important role of the water sector in the
overall socio-economic development of the country
2.
Vesting control of water resources in the country under
state control.
3.
Promoting water resources development through an
integrated management approach.
4.
Providing adequate, safe and cost effective water supply
and sanitation services with due regard to environmental
protection.
5.
Defining clear institutional responsibilities of all
stakeholders in the Water Sector for effective management
and co-ordination.
6.
Recognising water as an economic good
Starting with WSS sub-sector, the Government
enacted the WSS Act. No 28, 1997 to address the
poor performance to bring about an organisational
change management and produced permanent
structures (Fig. 3)
• that has transformed the water supply and
sanitation sub-sector into institutional change
management with a focus on full cost recovery,
efficient delivery, transparency, and sound
financial management.
Figure 3: Permanent Structures of the Water Supply and
Sanitation sub-sector
•MLGH
•advice
•DISS
•NWASCO
•reporting
•The regulator for
WSS
•advice
•Coordination & Resource
Mobilisation for WSS
•DTF
•RWSSU
•WWGs
•Coordination & Resource
Mobilisation for Rural WSS
regulation
•funds
•LAs
•shareholders
•CUs + others
•WSS service providers
•MEWD
•DWA
•Water resources
development and
management
NWASCO established by the Water Supply and Sanitation
Act 1997, is an autonomous regulator for WSS services
provision. This has almost been achieved (Table 6).
Table 6: Cost coverage (Based on Actual Cash/ Technical
Assistance received)
DETAILS
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
GRZ
37%
30%
23%
10%
15%
18%
10%
1%
License Fees 5%
43%
56%
54%
75%
94%
104% 98%
External
Assistance
61%
3%
7%
7%
5%
1%
2%
3%
Others
2%
3%
5%
5%
4%
7%
4%
4%
Expenditure
(K million)
1,456 1,182 1,330 1,456 1,580 1,950 3,230 4,632
(i)On Commercial Utilities (CUs), the LAs opted for
the establishment of CUs as provided for in the WSS
Act. No. 28 of 1997 through which they can deliver the
services.
(ii)This option has ensured a higher degree of autonomy in
operations with a promise on full cost recovery leading to a more
sustainable provision of services in an efficient manner.
Legalization of many peri-urban areas has facilitated
planning for development processes and initiatives.
Some peri-urban areas are now connected to the
main water distribution net-work of commercial utilities
(CU’s) and Water Trusts (Table 7).
Table 7: Water Trusts in Lusaka
Name
Area
of Population
Trust Name
Investment
(US Dollar)
Year Trust
established
Kanyama
198, 658
Kanyama
1,536, 000
2001
Chipata
84, 966
Chipata
375, 000
2002
Chibolya
31, 500
Chibolya
450, 000
2002
Chaisa
32, 500
Chaisa
193, 000
2002
Garden
64, 390
Garden
287, 000
2004
Chazanga
37, 523
Chazanga
217, 000
2004
Ng’ombe
Ng’ombe
2005
Kalikiliki
Kalikiliki
2005
Most of the developmental projects going on in
Lusaka’s peri-urban areas are carried out by NGO’s or
e.g. CARE International, for example, has been very
instrumental in this aspect.
From 1988 to 1995, the Danida-funded Community
Development Programme (CDP) helped to initiate innovations
in participatory planning and community contracting in selected
peri-urban areas of Lusaka.
(i)The DTF - a basket fund
focusing on service provision
to the urban poor as a
response to increase coverage
in peri-urban areas and
thereby promoting low cost
technology.
(i) DTF is considered an appropriate
instrument to reach the MDGs for
the urban poor. By 2006, the funds
had assisted in enabbling about
40,000 urban poor people to have
access to safe drinking water.
Percent Distribution of Households by Choice of
Projects implemented in their Communities, 1998 and
2004
30
28
25
21
Percentage
20
18
18
15
12
13
10
10
8
6
6
5
3
2
0
Roads
Education
Health
Water Supply
Type of Project
2004
1998
Agricultural
Sanitation
Percent Distribution of Households by their indication of
who was sponsoring the project/s that had taken place in
their Communities, Zambia 2004
ZAMSIF
Micro
Project
Unit
NGOs
Some
Other
Institution
Govt
An
Individual
Don’t
Know
Building of School
14
9
33
11
12
6
15
Rehabilitating of School
16
16
37
6
6
1
17
Building of Health
Facility
14
9
49
7
7
1
12
Rehabilitating of Health
Facility
6
5
58
6
4
2
18
Building of New Roads
3
6
55
6
5
5
18
Tarring of Road
2
2
62
3
7
2
23
Piping of Water
4
4
42
13
11
7
19
Rehabilitation/improvem
ent of Water Supply
3
3
40
11
18
6
18
Provision of Credit
Facility
4
6
24
22
11
16
16
Type of Project
On the Water Resources sub-sector, in 2001 government
started the Water Resources Action Programme
WRAP developed:
Water Resources Management Bill
Institutional Framework,
Draft Water Action Plan (WAP) for the transition phase
(preparation for the enactment and establishment of the new
legal and institutional framework).
Programmes from these initiatives have been incorporated
into the 5th National Development Plan (5th NDP) and an
IWRM /WE Implementation Plan has been developed to
implement the Water and Sanitation Chapter and other
water related programmes in the 5th
To complement and build on the efforts to improve water
management, Government in 2006 initiated the Water Sector
Programme Support (WSPS) with DANIDA assistance,
focusing on:
1. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation;
2. Peri-Urban and Low-Cost Housing Water Supply and
Sanitation; and
3. Integrated Water Resources Management.
(i) IWRM in Ministry of Energy and Water Development (MEWD),
(ii) Strengthening of the water rights system administered by the
Water Board (WB),
(iii) Groundwater monitoring systems in pilot areas
(iv) IWRM capacity built through University of Zambia (UNZA)
(v) Piloting of decentralised water resources management structures
and
(vi) Rehabilitation and construction of small dams and weirs.
With the adoption of IWRM, the water sector is now viewed in a
broader context.
The challenge is how to effectively coordinate and monitor policy
development and implementation of the IWRM framework if
the Water Sector Reforms are to succeed.
To meet this challenge the Government has revised the 1994
Water Policy to include other sectors impacting on IWRM
such as agriculture, hydropower, environment etc. not
elaborated upon in the 1994 one.
In conclusion, in Zambia, the Government has
respondent to the drivers and challenges of the water
resources in Zambia.
BUT we have a CHALLENGE in
front of us
2007
State Chiefs
Meetings
Strikes
Bombings
Conferences
Summits
Congress
Seminars
Declarations
Wars
Workshops
1972
NGOs
Meetings
Deaths
Challenge for us is how Disseminate this knowledge
Directing our research so that we are HEARD
Decision
Makers
Political Will: e.g
KEEP ZAMBIA
CLEAN
Society
Scientists
Technologists
Media
Documenting our results in
languages of decision
makers / politicians /
communities e.g. through
Appropriate Media
Governments
Sector: Water and Sanitation – ZAMBIA 5th NDP
No.
Programmes
Objectives
GRAND TOTAL
(K'Billions) 2006-2010
Total
GRZ
Donor
1
Water Resource
Development
and Infrastructure
Development
To assess, develop, and allocate
water resources in the four priority
pillars of economic development of
agriculture, tourism, environment,
mining, manufacturing and energy
125.05
84.75
40.30
2
Institutional Capacity
Building and
Enhancement
To promote legal and institutional
framework capacity enhancement
41.75
26.42
15.33
3
Water Resource
Management
and Information Systems
To develop management
information systems for planning,
development, allocation and
management of water resources at
catchment, national and regional
level and to provide safe water and
improve coverage in Zambia
31.00
20.94
10.06
4
Water Resource
Assessment Programme
To assess surface and groundwater
resources country-wide in order to
determine the quantity and quality
of available water
24.07
14.14
9.93
Sector: Water and Sanitation (Cntd.)
No.
Programmes
Objectives
GRAND TOTAL
(K'Billions) 2006-2010
Total
GRZ
Donor
5
International Waters
To manage and develop shared water
resources
8.48
4.94
3.54
6
Research and
Development
To carry out research and development in
selected areas in the country for improved
planning, regulation and allocation of
Zambia’s water resources
7.52
5.06
2.46
7
Mainstreaming
Cross-Cutting
Issues: HIV/AIDS,
Gender and
Environment
To implement measures in the sector which
enhance mainstreaming of crosscutting
issues
1.26
0.83
0.43
8
Monitoring and
Evaluation
To monitor and evaluate the proposed
programmes in order to achieve the desired
impacts
6.30
3.90
2.40
9
Urban Water Supply
and Sanitation
To provide adequate, safe, and costeffective water supply and sanitation
services
247.6
26.2
221.4
10
Rural Water Supply
and Sanitation
To provide adequate, safe and cost-effective
water supply and sanitation services with
due regard to environmental issues
292.6
25.2
267.4
Victoria Falls - Zambia
END