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Pass out syllabus
Set up note book
Take notes over biomolecules and enzymes
Practice for quiz over biomolecules next class.

9A Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Why are we studying Chemistry?

All living organisms are formed from atoms.
◦ we need some basic chemistry to understand the living world around us.

8 Common Elements in Living Organisms
◦ C, H, N, O, P, S, K, Ca
◦ 20 other trace elements

What are the 2 types of Chemical
Compounds?
Organic – We will focus on these, organic compounds contain mainly Carbon to
Hydrogen bonds.
Inorganic – Do not contain Carbon to
Hydrogen bonds.

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THE single element common to all molecules that make up life.
electron configuration allows C to form up to 4 covalent bonds.
Carbon MOST commonly bonds with H.
Also, often bonds with N,O,P,S.

What are Biomolecules made from?

Small molecules are called monomers
◦ MONO = ONE
◦ Subunits of bio/macromolecules
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Monomers link together in rings, straight or branched chains to form polymers
◦ POLY = MANY
◦ Polymers = macromolecules

9A Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids


4 groups of organic macromolecules
◦ Carbohydrates
◦ Proteins
◦ Nucleic Acids
◦ Lipids
 sometimes called biomolecules because all 4 compounds are required for life to exist.

Glucose is the monomer of carbohydrates
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Made up of C-H-O in 1:2:1 Ratio(ex. C
6
H
12
O
6
)
Examples
◦ Monosaccharides (glucose - monomer)
◦ Disaccharides (sucrose)
◦ Polysaccharides (starch)

Primary source of energy for animals and in plants supports cell wall structure.

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Made up of C-H-O-N(sometimes S)
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Amino acids are monomers that attach via peptide bonds to form proteins.
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Responsible for building structures and assisting with metabolism.

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Polymers made up of C,H,O, N,P
◦ DNA is the master code for an organism (genetic and sequencing info)
◦ RNA reads instructions and helps build proteins.
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Nucleotides are the monomers.
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Store information for cellular activity that is then carried out by proteins. Also carry codes for making proteins.

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Made up of C-H-O in different ratio than in carbohydrates. More C,H, less O
Non-polar = insoluble (ex. Oil, wax, fat, steroids, phospholipids)
Serves as energy storage as well as secondary energy source(2.5x the energy of sugars). Also provide insulation and protection for internal organs.

9A Compare the structure and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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Work with your group to sort the items in your baggie into the correct category.
Use you notes as a resource.
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Get out a clean sheet of paper.
Using your notes,
Complete the following questions on your own.

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Answer on a clean sheet of paper (keep because there are more questions!!
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Identify which biomolecule is used by living organisms as their primary source of energy.
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Indicate which element most commonly bonds with Carbon.
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Distinguish between monomers and polymers?
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Provide 3 examples of a monomer and identify which macromolecules they corresponds to.

Objective:
9C Identify and investigate the role of enzymes

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A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction

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Proteins that act as biological catalysts. All chemical reactions in your body require enzymes

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Chemical reactions take a long time to happen OR require too much energy.
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Enzymes help speed up the time it takes for reactions to happen OR
Allow the reaction to happen without using up too much energy

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In chemical reactions, energy is either released or absorbed.
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In order to get the chemical reaction started, it requires a certain amount of
“Activation Energy”

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
1.
Chemical compounds attach to the
ACTIVE SITE of an enzymes
2.
3.
The SUBSTRATE are the specific substances that can bind to enzymes
Enzymes hold the substrate in place so the chemical reaction can happen
4.
After reaction is finished, enzyme releases the PRODUCTS and helps another substrate.

Do enzymes need a specific environment?
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YES
They are sensitive to pH and temperature
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Ex. Human body is 37  C so most enzymes function best at this temperature
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Different organs have different pH (like the stomach) so enzymes “adapt” to their specific environments

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Draw and Describe what is happening in this picture.

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They are named for the reaction the catalyze and have the suffix –ase attached to the end
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Ex. Lipase – breaks down lipids
Protease – breaks down proteins
Amylase – breaks down starch or amylum

On a clean sheet of paper answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1.
Why are enzymes necessary for life?
2.
What is the active site of an enzyme?
3.
How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?