Exam Study Guide for Macromolecules (sec. 2-3) and Enzymes (sec. 2-4)
Macromolecules
Review notes Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds
Review Macromolecule Concept Map
Review Section 2-3: Macromolecules table completed during jigsaw activity
Review Worksheet Section 2-3
•
•
•
•
Know that carbon is the element that makes up organic molecules
Understand how carbon forms bonds with itself and other elements
Know the difference between a monomer and a polymer
o Monomers that make up a polymer may be the same or different
 Cellulose vs. DNA
Know the four groups of macromolecules found in living things:
o Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
Review notes Section 2-3 Macromolecules – Carbohydrates and Lipids
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Know the elements that make up carbohydrates and their ratio in molecules
Know the functions of carbohydrates
Explain the difference between simple versus complex carbohydrates
Know the monomer of carbohydrates and be able to identify its structure
o Monosaccharides
Know the polymer form of carbohydrates is a polysaccharide
o Give examples of various polysaccharides as discussed in class
 Glycogen, starch, and cellulose
o Be able to identify their structure
Know that lipids are not soluble in water (i.e., they do not dissolve in water)
o Because of the long hydrocarbon tail (hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon chain)
Know the functions of lipids
Know the monomer of lipids
o Glycerol and fatty acids
 Be able to identify each of these parts in a fat molecule
Be able to compare and contrast saturated versus unsaturated fats
o Know the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats
Review notes Section 2-3 Macromolecules – Nucleic Acids and Proteins
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Know the elements comprising nucleic acids (and how they differ from carbs and lipids)
Know the monomers of nucleic acids
o Nucleotide
 Given a diagram of a nucleotide, be able to label its three parts
Know the function of nucleic acids
Know the two different types of nucleic acids and the main differences between them
o DNA and RNA
 Deoxyribose versus ribose
Know the elements comprising proteins (and how they differ from carbs and lipids)
Know the monomers of proteins
o Amino acids
 Be able to identify its structure and label the parts
• Amino group, carboxyl group, R group
Know the many functions of proteins
1
•
•
Understand that proteins can have up to four levels of organization
o Most have tertiary, some have quaternary
Understand that protein structure determines protein function
o A change in protein structure causes the protein’s function to decrease or even
stop
Enzymes
Review notes, worksheets, and labs:
• Notes Section 2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• Coloring worksheet “Chapter 2-7: Enzymes” – both the text and the diagrams
• Toothpickase Activity
• Characteristics of Enzyme Function: Liver Lab
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Understand that chemical reactions are necessary for life to exist. It is how living things
get the substances needed for all of their activities.
Recognize that some chemical reactions are slow and some are quick
o Slow: formation of rust (iron oxide)
o Fast: hydrogen gas ignited with oxygen
Be able to define reactant and product
Be able to explain the carbon dioxide (CO2) example of a chemical reaction
o Recognize both chemical equations as given in the section 2-4 notes
Know that some chemical reactions release energy and some absorb (take in) energy
o Understand why living things need to obtain energy (food)
Know that overcoming activation energy is necessary for some chemical reactions to get
started
o Be able to interpret graphs like the ones given on pages 3 & 4 in your notes
Describe what catalysts are and why they are imperative for life to exist
Understand the function of enzymes and their importance to living things
Understand that enzymes are very specific to the reaction they catalyze
o Usually only one substrate per enzyme
o Enzymes end in –ase
o Name is derived from the reaction they catalyze
Know the mechanism by which enzymes catalyze reactions
o The figure at the bottom of page 5 in your notes is extremely important!
 Be able to label the enzyme, substrates, active site, enzyme-substrate
complex, and products in a similar figure
Be able to define substrate, product, enzyme-substrate complex, and active site
Understand that enzymes are affected by changes in their environment
o They only work well in a particular set of conditions
o Are affected by changes in pH and temperature
 Which pH and temperatures work well for most body enzymes?
2