Corrections Continued
Early jail conditions
 16 people in a 12 x 12 cell
 Prisoners provided their own food and medical needs
 Could buy: alcohol, food, privileges, and cell space
 Indigents had to work for their keep
 Men, women, and children were all housed together
 Sick and healthy housed together
 No heat, no plumbing, no adequate sleeping or living space
 Many deaths from sickness and starvation
Reforms:
The Walnut Street Jail
• 1790 law passed by the Pennsylvania legislature
– ______________ physical facilities
– ________________food and water at public expense
– _________________ of men, women, and children
– Prohibited “buying” better treatment
– Debtors and the mentally ill separated from the criminal population
– Orphans were moved to ___________________ buildings
1
Prison life at The Walnut Street Prison
•
•
•
•
•
Prisoners __________________, but were paid for labor
Earned early release for _______________behavior
Attempted to _______________prisoners
Became overcrowded
Conditions deteriorated and costs skyrocketed
Eastern State Penitentiary
•
•
•
•
•
Built in _________________
Cost $500,000 to house 250 prisoners
Most expensive building in the new world
First in the country to have flushing toilets and hot-air heating
Designed as a ____________________, not a jail or prison
__________________ – a correctional institution based on the concept that
inmates can change their criminality through reflection and penitence
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Individual cells
Must become ___________________ at a skill for use after release
Expected to read the Bible when not working or exercising
Use of the “________________________”
Maximum security, walled, and self-contained
Cells 12 x 7.5 and had a window
Working, exercising, eating, and sleeping all performed in the
prisoner’s __________________
The Auburn System
• Built in 1816 – ____________________, maximum security
• Cells 7’x 4’, 7’ high, back to back, 5 tiers located in the center of the
building inside “__________________________”
• Cells poorly lit, no fresh air
• Inmates moved to other locations in the ____________for work, exercise,
and eating
• The _____________ system was used, but hard to enforce
• Corporal punishment used for violations
2
•
•
•
•
•
•
Marched from place to place
Short haircuts
Distinctive ______________________
First use of _____________________ confinement
Prison industries (the prison was self-sufficient)
The Prototype American Prison
Southern Penal System
• ____________________ lease system was implemented after the end of
slavery
• Construction work, factory work, agricultural work
• Very poor work and _____________ conditions
• Worked _________________ hours a day
• Often lived in cages, and discipline was brutal
• The origin of “_______________________”
• The 1930 Prison Farm System replaced the lease system
• Inmate labor used to _______________________ prisons and other profit
industries
• Used _______________ as __________________ and supervisors to cut
costs
• Arkansas and Texas brought about U.S. Supreme Court decisions on the 8
amendment
Prison Reforms
•
•
•
•
•
1930s laws prohibited the sale of inmate goods
Prisons began supplying products to the government (license plates)
Between 1950 and 1966, over 100 riots
In September 1971, 43 inmates died in the Attica State Prison riot
In February 1980, 36 died in New Mexico riots
• 1980s – the US Supreme Court decided that inmates could sue over
– Living conditions
– Medical treatment
– Inmates’ rights
– Prison policies
3
th
_______________ – a short-term, multipurpose holding facility that serves as a
gateway for the criminal justice system
• Jails hold
– Defendants ___________________________ trial
– Defendants convicted of misdemeanors
– The mentally ill pending movement to a health facility
– Local, state, federal, and military prisoners
– Adults of both genders
– Juveniles
– Convicted prisoners
– ______________________
– Witnesses
– Most awaiting trial or _____________________
Punishment Range for jail
• Class _______________ Misdemeanor
– a fine up to $500 (ticket)
– cannot be arrested
• speeding or open container
• Class ________________Misdemeanor
– up to 180 days in jail, and a $2,000 fine
• Class ________________Misdemeanor
– up to 1 year in jail, and a $4,000 fine
County Jails
•
•
•
•
Over _________________ local and county jails
Vary in size from less than 50 to more than 7,000
Population has more than doubled since 1983
Very few ____________________ jails
State Prisons
___________________ – correctional institutions for prisoners convicted of
felonies
• Extended sentences
4
• Separated inmates by sex
• Architecture reflective of gender bias
Top 10 Highest Incarceration Rates
1. California
2. Texas
3. Federal
4. Florida
5. New York
6. Michigan
7. Ohio
8. Illinois
9. Georgia
10.Pennsylvania
163,001
157,997
145,416
71,319
70,198
47,718
45,833
45,281
44,232
36,847
Punishment Levels for prison
State Jail Felony (SJF)
– ______________days to 2 years, and a $10,000 fine
3rd Degree
– 2-10 years, and a _______________fine
2nd Degree
– 2-20 years, and a $10,000 fine
1st Degree
– ____________________ (life), and a $10,000 fine
Capital
– Death
– Life without Parole
State Prison Security Levels
• _____________________ Security
– Have few physical barriers to escape, and many programs for inmates
5
• ______________________Security
– Fortress-like, walled, self-contained institutions that offer inmates
education, vocation, and rehabilitation
• Maximum Security
– prisons for inmates at high risk of escape, or who are dangerously
violent to other inmates or staff
• Administrative ____________________
– solitary confinement
– inmates are kept in single cells 23 hrs a day. They are allowed a
shower and _______________ hour of recreation per day.
Private jails and prisons
•
•
•
•
•
________________________ facilities run by private security companies
Contracted by counties at lower cost
Less programs
Less training, lower pay, and conditions often below state standards
Escapes and assaults carry smaller penalties
Define Habeas Corpus:
6