Exercise Science
Grade 12
Principles and Terminology
 1 week
 Basis of the entire course
 Get off to a good start and remember the terminology
Course Terms
 Exercise Physiology:
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
 Why?
 Concerned with maximizing athletic performance and exercise
potential
Terminology
 Anatomical Position
 Is used as a standard
starting position
 ________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
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________________________
________________________
Anatomical Planes
 The anatomical position can be standardized by dividing
the body into three anatomical planes
 These planes relate to positions in space and are at right
angles to one another
Anatomical Planes
 Frontal (Coronal) Plane: ______
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Sagittal (median) plane: _____
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Transverse (horizontal) plane:
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Anatomical Axes
 In addition to anatomical planes, the human body is also
divided into anatomical axes
 Anatomical axes are used to describe the direction of
movement at joints
Anatomical Axes
 Horizontal Axis: ____________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Longitudinal axis: ___________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Antero-posterior axis: _______
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Combining Anatomical Axes and
Planes
 The body can be described by:
 The anatomical plane through which the movement occurs
and
 The anatomical axis around which it rotates
 Example
 Bicep Curl  Bending of a joint that reduces the angle between
two bones (Flexion)
 Happens on the horizontal axis and through the sagittal plane

Joint is the elbow (axis)

Range of motion (plane) front/back
Relationships b/w Axes and
Planes 0f Movement
Axis of Rotation
Plane of Motion
Example
Horizontal
Sagittal
Flexion, extension
Longitudinal
Transverse
Rotation of extremities,
axial rotation
Antero-posterior
Frontal
Abduction adduction
Joint Movements
 Flexion:
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Example?
 Extension:
 ___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Occurs in the sagittal plane
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Abduction:
 ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
 Occurs in the frontal plane
 Example?
 Adduction:
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Occurs in the frontal plane
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Internal Rotation
 ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
 Occurs in the transverse plane plane
 Example?
 External Rotation:
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Occurs in the transverse plane
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Elevation
 ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________
 Occurs in the frontal plane plane
 Example?
 Depression:
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Occurs in the frontal plane
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Supination:
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Think soup
 Example?
 Pronation:
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 Think pouring of something
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Circumduction:
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
 Compound movement happening in both the frontal and
sagittal planes
Joint Movements
 Dorsiflexion:
 Movement of ankle to decrease angle between foot and
lower leg
 Occurs in the sagittal plane
 Example?
 Plantar Flexion:
 Movement of ankle to increase angle between foot and lower
leg
 Occurs in the sagittal plane
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Inversion:
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
 Example?
 Eversion:
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Opposition:
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
 Example?
 Reposition:
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
____________
 Example?
Joint Movements
 Protraction:
 Movement in an anterior direction
 Forward
 Example?
 Retraction:
 Movement in a posterior direction
 Backward
 Example?
Video of Joint Movements
 Joint Movements
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wf7mmecaWE
Directional Terms
 The following terms will allow you to explain body
position and movement
 There are 10 terms
 5 ideas with opposites
Directional Terms
 Anterior
 Refers to the front of the body
 Can also refer to relationships within the body
 Example

The sternum is anterior to the heart
 Posterior
 Refers to the back of the body
 Can also refer to relationships within the body
 Example


The heart is posterior to the sternum
Dorsal means towards the back and ventral means toward the front (anterior and
posterior or more common terms)
Directional Terms
Directional Terms
 Superior
 Refers to upward surfaces
 Inferior
 Refers to downward surfaces
 Medial
 Means toward the midline or
sagittal plane
 Lateral
 Means away from the midline
or sagittal plane
Directional Terms
 Proximal
 Means toward the point of
attachment of the limb to the
body
 Distal
 Means farther away from the
point of attachment
 Superficial
 Mean on, or close to, the
surface of the body
 Deep
 Means farther away from the
surface of the body
 Directional Terms
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GAw9w1XNEI
 Joint Movements
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wf7mmecaWE