DO NOW!! 
What is the difference between an
autotroph and a heterotroph?
Why do plants need sunlight?
What gases are exchanged between
plants and animals?
Overview Of Photosynthesis
Objectives
To be able to list the inputs and
outputs of photosynthesis.
To be able to identify the structures
in a chloroplast.
To be able to summarize lightdependent reactions.
Photosynthesis
Process of converting light energy to chemical
energy!!
Used by autotrophs to produce food
All of our energy starts as light energy!
Plants use sunlight to make food animals
eat plants other animals eat those animals
Photosynthetic Organisms
 Go through Photosynthesis to produce GLUCOSE…
 Autotrophs
 “Producers” in the food web
 Consist of plants, protists, cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis: The Chemical
Equation
Overview of Phases
 1) Light dependent
Light energy is absorbed and converted into
chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
(also produces oxygen as byproduct!)
 2) Light independent (Calvin Cycle)
CO2 ATP and NADPH (from light dependent) are
used to make glucose.
*Glucose is the basic building block for more complex sugars such as starch.*
Do Now!! 
 What are the two phases of photosynthesis?
 What are the inputs and outputs of each
phase?
 What is the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
Objectives
 To go over the steps of light dependent
reactions
 To understand the inputs and outputs of light
dependent reactions
 To label a light reactions diagram
Glucose
The Chloroplast
Structures within a chloroplast
 Thylakoids:
 flattened sac-like membranes arranged in stacks
(stacks are called grana).
 Light-dependent reactions take place here.
 Electron transport occurs in the thylakoid
membrane
 Stroma:
 Fluid filled space outside the grana.
 Light-independent reactions take place here.
Do Now!! 
 What is the equation for photosynthesis?
 Where do light dependent reactions take place?
Independent?
 What are the inputs of light dependent reactions?
The outputs?
Objectives
 To go over the steps of light dependent
reactions
 To understand the inputs and outputs of light
dependent reactions
 To label a light reactions diagram
Diagram!
Please grab 6 different colors!!
Lets label our light dependent reactions
diagram.
Light Dependent Reactions
 Step 1: Light energy reaches photosytem II, exciting electrons and
causing water molecule to split.
- H+ is released, stays in thylakoid space.
- O2 is given off as a byproduct.
- Electron released into electron transport system
Light Dependent Reactions
 Step 2: Excited electrons move from photosystem II
through the membrane
 As they move, protons (H+) are pumped into thylakoid space
Light Dependent Reaction
 Step 3: At photosystem I, electrons are re-energized
and transferred to ferrodoxin (helper protein):
 NADPH (energy storage molecule) is formed from NADP+ (we
need this for the Calvin Cycle!)
Light Dependent Reactions
 Step 5: Hydrogen ions move through the ATP Synthase
because of the concentration gradient, creating ATP
from ADP. (Chemiosmosis)
Do Now!! 
 What goes into a light dependent reaction?
 What is the goal of a light dependent
reaction?
 What is given off as a byproduct?
 What is the name of the protein that converts
NADP+ to NADPH?
Objectives
 To review light dependent reactions
 To introduce light independent reactions by
completing a Calvin Cycle activity
Think-pair-share
Please work on the worksheet in front of
you!
Try it by yourself, then you may work with
a partner.
Light Dependent Reactions
http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_NY
Do Now!! 
Please take out the light dependent worksheet
from yesterday!
Objectives
 To identify the stages of light independent
reactions
 To identify alternative pathways
 To define C4 and CAM plants
The Calvin Cycle
 Takes place in the STROMA
 Uses NADPH and ATP from Phase I (light dependent
reactions)
 Needs CO2!!!
 Produces GLUCOSE!!
Calvin Cycle
 Functions like
a sugar
factory within
a chloroplast
 Regenerates
the starting
material with
each turn
Calvin Cycle
Inputs
Outputs
- ATP
- NADPH
- CO2
- Glucose
Calvin Cycle
Chemiosmosis
Mechanism in which ATP is produced as
a result from the flow of electrons down
a concentration gradient.
Ex: Light reactions (H+ ions and ATP
synthase)
Alternative Pathways
Light and Water can limit the amount of
photosynthesis a plant can perform.
Some plants develop alternate
pathways to maximize energy
conservation.
Ex: CAM and C4 plants.
C4 Plants
 These plants minimize water lost
 Turn CO2 into a 4 carbon molecule instead of a 3
carbon molecule
 Keeps stomata (plant cell pores) closed during hot
days
 Ex. Corn and Sugar Cane
CAM Plants
 Occurs in water-conserving plants that live in
deserts and other arid environments
 Stomata ALWAYS closed during the day
 CO2 only enters leaves at night, turns into a “storage
molecule” until daytime
 Ex. Orchids, cacti, pineapples
Do Now!!  (P. 2 & P.6)
How does our body make energy?
What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
What do you think the outputs of cellular
respiration are?
Objectives (Period 1 & 2)
 To compare and contrast photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
 To identify the inputs and outputs of cellular
respiration
 To define NADH and FADH2
 To complete a cellular respiration exercise lab!
Objectives (Period 6)
 To compare and contrast photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
 To identify the inputs and outputs of cellular
respiration
 To define NADH and FADH2
So, what is cellular respiration?
How does cellular respiration
compare to photosynthesis?
Inputs
Outputs
Chemical
Formula
Photosynthesis
Cell Respiration
CO2 + H2O + light
O2 + C6H12O6
O2 + C6H12O6
CO2 + H2O + ATP
CO2 + H2O + Light 
O2 + C6H12O6
O2 + C6H12O6 
CO2 + H2O + ATP
All cells require energy to do work
o Aerobic = NEEDS OXYGEN!!
o In aerobic respiration we use oxygen to help release the
energy stored in bonds.
o Anaerobic = does NOT require oxygen
NADH and FADH2
FADH2 (Riboflavin)
FADH2
FAD + 2 H+ + 2e-
B2 Vitamin
Accepts 2 electrons
NADH (Niacin)
NADH
NAD+ + H+ + 2e-
B3 Vitamin
Accepts 2 electrons
*These are
electron carriers!
Do now!! 
 What is the chemical equation for cellular
respiration?
 Why are NADH and FADH2 important?
 What is the overall goal of cellular respiration?
Objectives
 To discuss glycolysis and its importance
 To identify the inputs and outputs of glycolysis
 To complete a cellular respiration POGIL activity
Let’s try some sample math
problems before we begin
Spongebob is selling Krabby patties. He paid 2
dollars per Krabby patty and is selling each at 7
dollars. How much NET profit is Spongebob
making if he sells 1 Krabby patty?
10 Krabby patties?
Steps of Cellular Respiration
 Step 1: Glycolysis
(anaerobic, cytoplasm)
 Step 2: Krebs Cycle
(aerobic, mitochondrial
matrix)
 Step 3: Electron
Transport Chain
(aerobic, mitochondrial
membrane)
Lets color code
Please take out your diagrams and
grab 2 colored pencils!
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (continued)
4. 4 molecules of ADP are used to
make 4 ATP, and G3P
compounds are converted into 2
molecules of Pyruvate.
5. The net total being 2
molecules
ATP
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/ch
apter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.ht
ml
Do Now!! 
 If there was a net gain of 28 ATP in glycolysis,
how many glucose molecules were
consumed?
 If 18 NADH are produced, how many ATP are
gained? How many glucose molecules are
consumed?
 How does ATP supply energy for our cells?
Do Now!!  (P. 2)
 If there was a net gain of 14 ATP in glycolysis,
how many glucose molecules were
consumed?
 If 24 ATP are produced, how many NADH are
gained? How many glucose molecules are
consumed?
 List the steps of cellular respiration and identify
where they take place.
Objectives (P.2)
 To discuss the Kreb’s cycle and its importance
 To identify the inputs and outputs of the Kreb’s cycle
Objectives (P.1 & P.6)
 To discuss the Kreb’s cycle and its importance
 To identify the inputs and outputs of the Kreb’s cycle
 To complete cellular respiration POGIL activity
The Kreb’s Cycle
Please take out your diagrams and grab
2 colors!
The Kreb’s Cycle
1. Pyruvate first reacts with
coenzyme A (CoA), forms
acetyl CoA. CO2 is released
and NAD+ converts to NADH.
2. Acetyl CoA combines with 4
carbon compound, forms 6
carbon citric acid.
The Kreb’s Cycle (continued)
3. Citric acid broken down,
releasing CO2 and forming
ATP, NADH and FADH2
4. 4 carbon compound
regenerated, cycle continues
Total ATP produced: 2 (cycles
twice, once for each pyruvate!)
Do Now!  (P. 1)
 Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
 Why are there 2 total ATP produced instead of 1?
 What happens to the NADH and FADH2 produced?
 If 6 FADH2 are produced in the Kreb’s cycle, how many glucose
molecules did you start with?
 http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/
chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html
Do Now!!  (P. 2)
 Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?
 What happens to the NADH and FADH2 produced?
 If 32 FADH2 are produced in the Kreb’s cycle, how many
glucose molecules did you start with?
 http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapte
r25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html
Objectives (P.2)
 To identify the inputs and outputs of the
electron transport chain.
 To complete a cellular respiration POGIL
activity
Electron Transport Chain
 Please take out your diagrams and grab 2
colors!!
Electron Transport Chain
1. NADH and FADH2 release electrons, converted into
NAD+ and FAD (H+ released into the mitochondrial
matrix).
2. H+ ions are pumped across inner mitochondrial
membrane as electrons move along membrane
(with the help of proteins).
Electron Transport Chain (continued)
3. Oxygen is final electron acceptor (protons and
electrons combine with oxygen to form water).
4. H+ ions then diffuse back into matrix through ATP
synthase (chemiosmosis), producing 32 ATP.
Total ATP
produced for one
molecule of
glucose =
32 ATP
molecules
Do Now!!  (P. 1)
 Where does the electron transport chain take place?
 How many ATP are produced?
 How many total molecules of ATP are produced for one
molecule of glucose?
 http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/stud
ent_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_syst
em_and_atp_synthesis__quiz_1_.html
Objectives
 To define anaerobic respiration.
 To compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and
lactic acid fermentation.
Stand up!
 Move your arms up and down for one minute!
 Do not stop until the time is up!
 What is happening in your arms?
Anaerobic Respiration
 Making ATP without oxygen (fermentation)
 Problems:
 Only 2 net ATP per glucose molecule
 Limited amount of NAD+
 Yeast, People, Bacteria, Fungus
 Used to make beer, wine, and bread
2 Main Types of Fermentation
 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Pyruvate from glycolysis converted to
lactic acid
 Lactic acid is associated with the
“burn” associated with heavy
exercise
 If too much lactic acid builds up, your
muscles feel sore and may give out
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Inputs:
 Glucose, 2ADP
 Outputs:
 2ATP, 2 lactic acid
 Ex:
 Bacteria that help in
making yogurt, cheese and
sour cream.
 Human muscle cells when
out of oxygen.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 Physical conditioning allows your body to
adapt to increased activity:
 The body can increase its ability to deliver
oxygen to muscles
 Long-distance runners wait until the final sprint
to exceed their aerobic capacity
2 Main Types of Fermentation
 2. Alcohol Fermentation
 In yeast and some bacteria
 Pyruvate is converted to ethyl
alcohol and carbon dioxide
 Ex: yeast used for baking bread
and making wine/beer
 https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=i1w09QKf9GU
Alcohol Fermentation
 Inputs:
 Glucose, 2ADP
 Outputs:
 2ATP, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2
 NAD+ gets regenerated
Why don’t you get drunk off bread?
o Take a minute and pair up with the person sitting NEXT to
you and discuss this question.
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
Cytoplasm
Lactic acid or
CO2/ethanol
Do Now!! 
 What happens when we don’t get enough
oxygen?
 What does our body do?