Chapter 4 & 18 review
1. What are the characteristics of living organisms? (on webquest)
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Made up of at least one cell
Has DNA
Needs energy and a food source to survive
Grows
Has a metabolism
Maintains homeostasis
Responds to stimuli from environment
Reproduces
2. Would a virus be considered living?
Why or why not?
- NO! Viruses:
- Not made of cells
- Not all have DNA (some do)
- Do NOT need food
- Do NOT grow
- Do NOT have a metabolism
- Do NOT maintain homeostasis
- Do NOT reproduce on own (use host cell)
3. What (and when) did Hooke discover?
Robert Hooke (in 1665):
First person to see cells (cork), named cells
4. What (and when) did van Leeuwenhoek discover?
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (in 1673):
- First person to see living cells (Protists and bacteria), made his
own microscopes
5. List the parts of the cell theory
- All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in a living
organism
- Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
6. Do all cells look the same? Average cell size?
• No, cells come in many different shapes and sizes (although most
are microscopic). The form (shape) of a cell enables the cell to
perform its specific function efficiently
• Average plant and animal cell: 10 – 50 micrometers, bacterial cells
are much smaller
7. Describe “Form Fits Function”.
Explain a cellular example.
• The form (shape) of a cell enables the cell to perform its specific
function efficiently
– Examples:
• Red Blood Cell is round to fit through blood vessels,
• White Blood Cell can change shape to move around the body and fight off
infections,
• Nerve cells have long extensions to send and receive messages
• Skin cells are flat and stack up to form a protective barrier
8. What does selectively permeable mean?
• Only certain materials are permitted to enter and leave the cell
• Only certain amounts are permitted to enter and leave the cell
9. Describe the cell of a prokaryotic organism. Give an example
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Example: Bacteria (Archaebacteria, Methanogen; Eubacteria, E. coli)
Very small (smaller than eukaryotic),
All have a cell membrane, Some also have a cell wall,
All prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm and cytosol,
All prokaryotic cells have DNA (usually clumped together into a
nucleoid region),
– NO NUCLEUS!!!
• All prokaryotic cells have organelles without membranes
(ribosomes)
10. Describe the cell of a eukaryotic organism.
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Examples: Protist, Amoeba; Fungi, mushroom, yeast; Plant; Animal
Usually microscopic,
All eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane, some also have cell walls
(NO ANIMAL CELLS HAVE CELL WALLS),
All eukaryotic cells have cytoplasm and cytosol,
All eukaryotic cells have DNA inside of a nucleus,
All eukaryotic cells have organelles without and with membranes
11. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller.
Prokaryotic cells do not have organelles with a membrane (nucleus,
Golgi, Mitochondria, ER, Chloroplast)
12. What do all cells have in common?
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All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytosol, DNA and some
organelles
13. What is binomial nomenclature?
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Scientific naming process, each identified organism is
classified into categories from very general to very
specific.
• The Genus and species name are combined to give the
scientific name of organisms, always capitalize Genus,
need to italicize or underline whole name
– Homo sapiens; Limulus polyphemus; E. coli
– Homo sapiens; Limulus polyphemus; E. coli
14. 3 Domains:
• Domain Archae (Kingdom Archaebacteria),
• Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Eubacteria),
• Domain Eukarya (Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)
15. Who created the Kingdom system? List the categories from most general to
specific
- Linnaeus: Swedish scientist, devised heirarchical
classification system, created binomial nomenclature
system
Linnaeus’:
Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species
Now:
Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  Species
16. Characteristics of:
• Kingdom Archaebacteria (“ancient” bacteria)
– Cell Type:
• Prokaryotic ONLY
– Nutrition:
• Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic (Both)
– Example: Methanogens
• Kingdom Eubacteria (“True” bacteria)
– Cell Type:
• Prokaryotic ONLY
– Nutrition:
• Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic (Both)
– Example: E. coli, salmonella
• Kingdom Protista
– Cell Type:
• Eukaryotic ONLY
– Nutrition:
• Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic (Both)
– Example: Amoeba, Algae
• Kingdom Fungi
– Cell Type:
• Eukaryotic ONLY
– Nutrition:
• Heterotrophic ONLY
– Example: Mushroom, Mold
• Kingdom Plantae
– Cell Type:
• Eukaryotic ONLY
– Nutrition:
• Autotrophic and/or heterotrophic (Both)
– Example: Tree, grass, cacti, flowers, vegetables
• Kingdom Animalia
– Cell Type:
• Eukaryotic ONLY
– Nutrition:
• Heterotrophic ONLY
– Example: Human, bird, turtle, worm, fish, cat
Cell Type
Prokaryotic
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukaryotic
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Both
None
Nutrition
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
None
Fungi
Animalia
Kingdom contains
species with both
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Plantae
Cell Type
Unicellular
Multicellular
Kingdom has both
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Fungi