BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrate
Protein
Building
Block
Uses
Examples
Test
Simple
sugars
Ready source of
energy
Glucose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
•
Enzymes (ase)
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Protein
hormones
(insulin)
•
Reacts with
Biuret Solution
Fats, oils
•
Leaves oily spot
on brown paper
bag
DNA, RNA
•
DNA stains
(methylene blue)
Amino acids • Transport
•
•
•
Lipid
Fatty Acids
•
•
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Speed up
reactions
Immunity
Cell
communication
Back up energy
source
In membrane
Store and transmit
genetic info
•
STARCH turns
purple in iodine
SUGARS react
with Benedict’s
Solution
CELLS
•
•
•
•
E U K A RYOTIC
P ROK A RYOTIC
•
Prokaryotic cells have DNA
and ribosomes, but they
have no internal
membranes! (They don't
have a nucleus)
They have ribosomes to
make proteins
These are the simplest cells
Examples are bacteria, like
those that cause strep
throat.
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotic cells have their DNA surrounded by
a membrane. (They have a nucleus).
Two examples shown are plant cells and
animal cells, but fungi and protists are also
eukaryotic
Notice, plants have chloroplasts (for
photosynthesis) and cell walls made of
cellulose. Animal cells don't have these
parts. Also, plant cells have a larger vacuole
for storage.
Both plants and animals have mitochondria to
make ATP.
All eukaryotic cells have ribosomes to make
protein
These cells are more complex than prokaryotic
cells.
CELL MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane surrounds
EVERY cell.
• It is made of lipid and protein
• It controls what goes in and out of a cell.
• Associated with HOMEOSTASIS
CELL TRANSPORT
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active
Transport
Movement from
high to low
concentration
Movement of water
from high to low
WATER
concentration
across a membrane
Movement from
LOW concentration
to HIGH
concentration
No energy required
No energy required
USES ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
CONVERTS SUNLIGHT TO
CHEMICAL ENERGY
CONVERTS ENERGY IN
FO O D (G LU C O S E ) TO AT P
Cellular Respiration
•
Takes place in
mitochondrion
•
Releases the energy
stored in glucose
•
AKA aerobic
respiration (NEEDS
oxygen)
AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
A ERO B IC R ES PIR AT IO N
A N A E RO B IC R E S PIR AT IO N
• Does not use oxygen
• Makes only 2 ATP
•
Requires oxygen
•
Makes A LOT of ATP
•
Produces carbon
dioxide and water
• Also called fermentation
•
Happens in
mitochondrion
• Happens in cytoplasm (cytosol)
• Small amount of ATP
• YEASTS make ethyl alcohol
• BACTERIA and MUSCLE CELLS (w/o O2)
make LACTIC ACID
ATP CYCLE
CLICK THE ICON FOR SOUND
ASEXUAL VS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Creates identical
copies (clones)
• Only involves
MITOSIS
• ONE parent involved
• Common in bacteria
and unicellular
protists
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Adds genetic variation
• Involves meiosis and
fertilization
• TWO parents involved
• Diploid and haploid cells
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
•
•
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
One division
2n  2n
•
•
• (same number of chromosomes)
•
Results in 2 genetically identical
cells
Two divisions
2n  n
• Half the number of chromosomes
•
•
Results in 4 DIFFERENT haploid
cells
Forms gametes (egg and sperm)
DNA
•
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides.
• A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate and one of four
bases
• In DNA, the bases are A, T, C, and G
•
DNA’s shape is a double helix
• The two strands are held together by HYDROGEN bonds
• A binds to T
• C binds with G
DNA REPLICATION
•
•
•
Process of DNA copying itself
Steps
• DNA Unzips (Hydrogen bonds break)
• Each side acts as a template
• New DNA nucleotides are added according to base-pairing rules
• Two new molecules of DNA result – each with one old and one new
strand.
Happens in INTERPHASE (before mitosis or meiosis)
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
•
Remember, genes are made of DNA and are in the nucleus
•
Genes (DNA) contain the instruction for making a protein
•
In transcription, DNA is used to make mRNA in the nucleus
•
mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome
•
In translation, tRNA then brings amino acids in the proper order to make the
protein on the ribosome.
DNA  mRNA  protein
Made of amino acids
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
•DNA is in nucleus
•GENES (made of DNA) hold code for protein
•mRNA is made in nucleus
•TRANSCRIPTION
•Remember base pairing rules
•mRNA goes to ribosome
•3 bases on mRNA is a codon – each codon codes for one amino acid
•tRNA brings the right amino acid to the mRNA
•Anticodon on tRNA base pairs with codon on mRNA
CAN YOU IDENTIFY THE PARTS?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Codon
Anticodon
tRNA
Amino acid
Protein (polypeptide)
READING THE CODON CHART
•
Be sure to use
mRNA
•
You won’t have to
memorize this!
•
What amino acid
is coded for by the
DNA
ATA GAG
First convert DNA to mRNA
ATA GAG
UAU CUC
UAU = tyr
CUC = Leu
GENETICS
We have two genes for each trait –
this is our GENOTYPE
One gene came from mom, one from
dad
If the genes are alike, the individual
is homozygous (RR, rr)
If the genes are different , they are
heterozygous (Rr)
Some genes are dominant and
others are recessive
We only show a recessive trait if we
have no dominant gene
RR and Rr would “look”
dominant
rr would look recessive
This diagram shows the cross
between 2 heterozygous purple
flowers
Cross is: Bb x
Bb
Notice that 75% are purple and 25%
white
SEX LINKAGE
Females are XX
Males are XY
Sex-linked traits are on
X chromosome
Trait is more common
in MALES
Examples are
colorblindness and
hemophilia (blood
fails to clot)
• Males give X chromosomes to
their daughters and Y’s to their
sons
• Moms give X’s to both daughters
and sons
CODOMINANCE – BLOOD TYPE
• Four blood types
 A, B, AB, O
Three different
alleles: A, B or
neither
A = AA or AO
B = BB or BO
AB = AB
O = OO
Agglutinogen
= protein
PEDIGREES
Tracing traits through generations
•
Males are squares
•
Females are circles
•
Horizontal line means married
•
Vertical line means children
•
Filled in circle means the
individual HAS the condition
•
Can you identify the genotypes
of individuals 4, 7, 12?
4 = Ee (parent 2 had to give an e)
7 = Ee (child is ee, so they had to have one e)
12 = ee (affected with recessive condition)
XY = male
3 21’s =
Down
Syndrome
•
•
•
•
•
In humans, 22 pair of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes
XX = female
XY = male
Extra chromosomes a result of
non-disjunction
• Chromosome pairs fail to separate in meiosis
• One example is DOWN SYNDROME (extra 21)
• Another example is KLINEFELTERS (XXY)
GENETIC TECHNOLOGY
DNA FINGERPRINTING
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
• Organisms that have
2 different kinds of
DNA
• Gene cloning
• Uses bacteria to
make human
proteins like insulin
• Use gel
electrophoresis to
compare DNA
fragments
• IF DNA matches, it’s
from the same
individual
Evidence points
to suspect 2
EVOLUTION – CHANGE OVER TIME
EVIDENCE
N AT U R A L S E LE C T IO N
• Fossil evidence
• Credited to Charles
Darwin
• Fossils found in sedimentary
rock
• Lower level fossils are older
and more PRIMITIVE
• We can compare fossils to
modern organisms
• Similar structure suggests
common ancestor
• Biochemical evidence
• DNA and protein similarities
suggest common ancestor
• Organisms in populations have
variations that can be passed
from generation to generation
• More organisms born that
environment can support
• Organisms compete for
resources
• Those organisms with
favorable variations have more
babies and the population
evolves
Which type of plant is most closely
related to flowering plants?
CONIFERS
HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS
o Aristotle – Plants and Animals
o Linneaus – developed BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
o TWO KINGDOMS: plants and
animals
o THREE kingdoms: plant, animal,
Protist
o FIVE kingdoms: plant, animal,
Protist, fungi, Moneran
CLASSIFICATION
K
•Kingdom
P
•Phylum
C
•Class
O
•Order
F
•Family
G
•Genus
S
•Species
Scientific name is genus and
species name. Organisms in
same genus are closely
related
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
Moneran
Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
•Bacteria
•Prokaryotic
•No nucleus
•Have cell wall
•Unicellular
•Can be
heterotrophic or
autotrophic
•Protozoans, algae
•Eukaryotic
•Have nucleus
• Some have cell
wall
•Mainly unicellular
•Can be
heterotrophic or
autotrophic
•Mushroom, yeast
•Eukaryotic
•Have nucleus
•Have cell wall
•Mainly multicellular
•heterotrophic
•Moss, fern, trees,
flowers
•Eukaryotic
•Have nucleus
•Have cell wall
•All multicellular
•autotrophic
•Sponge, annelids,
amphibians, birds,
mammals
•Eukaryotic
•Have nucleus
•No cell wall
•All multicellular
•heterotrophic
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
•
•
•
•
Always begin with #1
Follow directions using choices given
What shape is “Gina”?
Equilateral triangle
TYPES OF PLANTS
Bryophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
•Non-vascular
•No xylem or phloem
•Examples are mosses
•They are small
•Have to be near water
•No pollen, seeds, flowers, or fruits
•Vascular
•Xylem to move water
•Phloem to move food
•Examples are conifers
•Have pollen (sperm)
•Have seeds on cones
•No fruits or flowers
•Vascular
•Xylem to move water
•Phloem to move food
•Examples are flowering plants like
oak trees, corn, and roses
•Have pollen (sperm)
•Have seeds in fruits
•Have flowers
PLANT ADAPTATIONS
ROOT, STEM, LEAF
Roots are adapted to absorb
water with root hairs
Leaves are adapted for
photosynthesis by being flat
and green
Stems move water with xylem
FLOWERS AND FRUITS
Flowers have bright petals to attract
pollinators
Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by
animals
When egg joins with pollen, a seed is
formed in the ovary
The ovary becomes the fruit
Fruit surrounds and protects seed
Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds
away from parent plant
TYPES OF ANIMALS
Annelids
Insects
Amphibians
Mammals
•Segmented worms
•No backbone
•“breathe” through
skin
•Closed circulatory
system
•External fertilization
•External development
•No backbome
•Three body segments
•Six legs
•Wings
•Open circulatory
system
•External fertilization
•Females may store
sperm
•External development
•metamorphosis
•Have backbone
•Moist skin
•Gills when young,
lungs when adult
•Three chambered
heart
•Cold-blooded
•External fertilization
•External development
•Metamorphosils
•Jelly like egg
•Backbone
•Hair
•Milk glands
•Lungs
•Four chambered heart
•Warm-blooded
•Internal fertilization
•Internal development
•Amniote egg
DISEASE CAUSING VIRUSES
VIRUS STRUCTURE
VIRAL REPRODUCTION
A virus is not made of
cells
• Virus can’t reproduce
unless it is inside a living
cell
• The virus uses the cells
enzymes and ribosomes
to make DNA and
protein
• New viruses either bud
off of the cell or the cell
bursts, releasing lots of
viruses
It is nucleic acid (DNA
or RNA) surrounded
by protein coat
(Capsid)
BACTERIA VS VIRUSES
BACTERIA
VIRUS
• Made of cells
• Not made of cells
• MUCH SMALLER THAN
CELLS
• Can’t be killed by antibiotics
• Example of diseases caused
by viruses are AIDS (HIV),
Smallpox, Influenza
• Can be killed by
antibiotics
• Examples of disease
caused by bacteria
is strep throat
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN DISEASE
Malaria
PKU
Lung
Cancer
Diabetes
Skin
Cancer
Light skinned
people don’t
have the
natural
melanin
protection of
darker skinned
people
Overexposure
to sunlight can
trigger the
changes that
lead to skin
cancer
Individuals who
have the sickle
cell trait
(heterozygous)
aren’t as
affected as
homozygous
individuals
Individuals who
have PKU can’t
break down
phenylalanine
If it builds up it
can cause
mental
retardation
Lung cancer is
uncontrolled
growth of cells
in the lungs
Diabetes
results from
when the
pancreas fails
to make
enough insulin
Mosquitoes
transmit
malaria
Keep
individuals with
PKU on a diet,
they don’t have
brain damage
Individuals who
smoke are
more likely to
get lung cancer
Individuals who
are overweight
and who don’t
exercise seem
to be more
affected
IMMUNITY
B-cells
T- helper cells
T-killer cells
•White blood
cell
•Make
antibodies
•White blood
cell
•Help
coordinate
immune
response
•White blood
cell
•Kill virus
infected cell
PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNIT Y
• Person does NOT make
memory cells or
antibodies
• Antibodies only are
transferred
• Doesn’t provide longterm protection
• Natural: from
breastfeeding
• Artificial: Rabies “shot”
• Person DOES make
antibodies AND
memory cells
• Provides long term
immunity
• Natural: you have
disease
• Artificial – you get a
VACCINATION
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS
BEHAVIOR IS ANY THING AN ANIMAL DOES.
ANIMAL BEHAVIORS ALSO HELP ANIMALS
SURVIVE AND/OR REPRODUCE.
o Innate behavior is also
called inborn behavior.
o It is programmed in DNA
o Innate behaviors include
reflexes and instincts
o Examples
o human suckling.
o spiders spinning webs
o Migration: birds flying
south for the winter
o Hibernation – dormant
when cold
o Estivation – dormant
when hot
LEARNED BEHAVIOR
Imprinting
• Learning
who your
Mother is
• Lorenz
geese
Conditioning
Habituation
• Pairing
stimuli
• Pavlov’s
Dogs
• Learning to
ignore
• Dog no
longer sees
human as
threat
Trial and
Error
•Learning
by trying
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Communication
•Can be with words, signals
or chemicals (pheromones)
Courtship
•Behavior to get a mate
•Dances, songs
Territorial
•Fighting fish
ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystem
Community
Population
•Includes abiotic and biotic factors
•Biomes are examples
•Includes all the LIVING things
•All of one species in one area
•Can reproduce with each other
FOOD CHAINS
Original source of energy for most chains is the
sun
1st trophic level is producer
2nd trophic level is primary consumer
2rd trophic level is secondary consumer
Decomposer not shown on chain, but they recycle
nutrients
Secondary Consumer
(bird)
Primary Consumer
(snail)
Producer
(grass)
Energy is “lost” as
you mover “up” the
food chain
SYMBIOSIS
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
•n mutualism, BOTH
organisms BENEFIT
•this is a + / + relationship
•The picture shows E. coli, a
type of bacteria that live in
your intestine.
•The bacteria get a place to
live; we get the vitamin K
they make. This is good for
both.
•In parasitism, the PARASITE
BENEFITS by getting food
and shelter from the HOST
•This is a + / - relationship
•In the example shown, the
TICK is the parasite and
feeds off of the blood of the
human HOST. This is good
for the tick, but bad for the
human.
•In commensalism, one
organism BENEFITS while
the other is NOT AFFECTED
•This is a +/ 0 relationship
•The picture above shows
orchids living in trees. This
is good for the orchid,
because it allows the orchid
to get sunlight. It doesn't
affect the tree, because the
orchid doesn't help or hurt
it.
PREDATION
• Predator EATS Prey
• The populations cycle
• Predator has lower curve
• There can’t be more predators
than prey
POPULATION GROWTH
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
LOGISTIC GROWTH
J-curve
S-curve
Occurs when unlimited
resources are
available
Occurs because
resources are
limited
Carrying capacity
reached
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
Overpopulation of humans
leads to
• Destruction of habitats
(pollution and/or
destroying)
• Loss of biodiversity
• Introduced species
• Outcompete native
species
CARBON CYCLE
•
•
Cycling of carbon and oxygen
Three main processes
• Photosynthesis – plants use carbon dioxide; produce oxygen
• Respiration – uses oxygen, produces carbon dioxide (both plants and animals)
• Combustion – burning – releases more carbon dioxide
Greenhouse Effect
• Carbon dioxide traps heat in
the atmosphere, making life
possible
• Increased carbon dioxide can
make temperatures rise more
• Human activities can lead to
GLOBAL WARMING
BE A GOOD STEWARD