Mental Functioning and the Ontology of Language Barry Smith October 1, 2012 with thanks to Janna Hastings 1 Mental Functioning is Neural Functioning: Towards a Unified Ontology of Mind, Brain, and Behavior Gwen A. Frishkoff Department of Psychology Georgia State University NeuroInformatics Center University of Oregon Outline of Talk • What is a mental process? – A view from cognitive psychology – The Mind–Brain problem and three proposed solutions (ontology views) • A neurophsysiological framework for understanding mental processes – Levels of brain, levels of mind – What are mental representations “about”? (Proposed solution to problems of subjectivity, aboutness) What is a Mental Process? A view from cognitive psychology Sensation, Perception Short-term memory Cognitive control Motor control, Action Long-term Memory Habits & Skills How do we know any of this? That is, where did the components of the standard model come from? The mind as a black box • • X Mental processes cannot be observed.* They must be inferred based on what we can observe. What can we observe?... *We can revise this assumption later (if Mind = Brain) What we can observe… and How • Physical processes in body Behavior (response type, accuracy, reaction time) • Physiological processes in brain Neural activity and correlates of neural activity (blood flow to brain regions) A schematic of Helmholtz’s apparatus for measuring the time course of muscle contraction and the propagation velocity of the nerve impulse. Source: Bennett, 1999. CogPO! A 256-channel electrode “net” that is used to measure brain electrical activity (EEG) “A mental process is a neural process.” ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR • Avoids Mind-Body dualism • More precise than other two solutions • Gives ready framework for comparative neurophysiology & comparative cognition • Knowledge of brain structure & function informs understanding of mental function (and dysfunction) Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) brainin endocrine gland 9 brain endocrine gland ENVIRONMENT Mental Functioning Ontology (MF) 10 brain endocrine gland ENVIRONMENT Aboutness 11 Levels of brain, levels of mind Representation, monitoring and control of bodily interface to external environment (“real world”) Representation, monitoring and control of internal environment (“self”) Mesulam, 1990 13 Levels of brain, levels of mind Representation, monitoring and control of bodily interface to external environment (“real world”) Note use of “sneer” quotes – “real world”, “self” Representation, monitoring and control of internal environment (“self”) Mesulam, 1990 14 Mental representations: What are they “about”? Sensoy-motor maps in the brain Peripheral (sensory-motor) parts of the body are “mapped” to (represented by) an orderly set of discrete regions within sensory and motor cortex. Maps of the internal milieux The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis monitors and controls internal bodily functions, such as blood circulation, breathing, digestion, stress, and arousal. Shimon Edelman’s Riddle of Representation two humans, a monkey, and a robot are looking at a piece of cheese; what is common to the representational processes in their visual systems? 16 Answer: The cheese, of course 17 The real cheese 18 Perception of internal (bodily) environment (“self”) Perception of external environment/ sensory input (“real world”) 21 Mental processes, states, and representations or objects or processes inside the body or objects or processes inside the body objects and processes inside and outside the body play a role here too all of these together form the environment external targets internal and external features causally relevant to perception, nociception, etc. the arrow of aboutness external targets internal and external features causally relevant to perception, nociception, etc. Brentano-Husserl approach to intentionality 28 intentionality can be mediated by language “food” 29 Brentano, Husserl, Chisholm Searle: the primacy of the intentional linguistic expressions have meanings, because there are mental experiences which have aboutness Roderick M. Chisholm, “The Primacy of the Intentional”, Synthese, 61, 1984, 89-109 30 the primacy of language (Sellars …): mental experiences are about objects because words have meaning meaning 31 to understand the aboutness of the mental, study the semantics of language (model theory) meaning 32 language comes later than mental aboutness 33 What is a Mental Process? A view from cognitive psychology Sensation, Perception Short-term memory Cognitive control Motor control, Action Long-term Memory Habits & Skills All of this is present before there is language Thesis: aboutness is a primitive relation between a mental process and a target external to that mental process Problems for this thesis: 1. mismatch 2. non-existence 1. mismatch of content to target “poison” • the apple is poisonous • the apple is not poisonous two phenomenologically identical mental experiences 36 1. mismatch of content to target “poison” • the apple is poisonous • the apple is not poisonous two neurologically identical mental experiences 37 2. there is no target “unicorn” 38 Information artifacts, too, involve aboutness, and the same 3 kinds of mismatch BFO:Continuant BFO:Independent Continuant BFO:Dependent Continuant can be copied BFO:Generically Dependent Continuant concretized in a bearer Information Content Entity is about something (anything) $64,000 problem of providing a coherent account of intentionality Neurology-based solution: we are never directed towards real objects in any case, but only to “real objects” Let us find an easier, neutral, route to building an ontology which does not rest on finding a solution to this problem 40 Ontological traffic rule: to build an ontology of the types of entities in a complex domain, focus on the canonical instances 41 Canonical fear fear subtype canonical fear EMOTION COMPONENT Action tendency Subjective emotional feeling Behavioural response Characteristic appraisal CHARACTERISTIC FOR FEAR Fight-or-flight Negative, tense, powerless Characteristic fearful facial expression Something (some real thing) in my environment is dangerous to me 42 Canonical and non-canonical fear Canonical fear gives rise to action tendencies that are conformant to a perceived danger Phobias = dispositions giving rise to noncanonical fear, e.g. laridaphobia Another case involving non-canonical fear: people taking pleasure in watching horror films 43 Canonical pain & variants PCT: pain with concordant tissue damage: the patient experiences pain of the evolutionarily most basic sort = pain in response to concordant tissue damage Variant pain PNT: pain with peripheral trauma but discordant (elevated) relative to tissue damage: there is peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain of an intensity that is discordant therewith; NN: neuropathic nociception: no peripheral trauma, but the patient is experiencing pain in result of a neuropathic disorder in the nociceptive system. 44 45 Pain-related phenomena without pain PBWP: pain behavior without pain: there is a cry or report of pain, but no pain is being experienced (a fact which may or may not be detectable by an external observer) TWP: Tissue-damage without pain: tissue damage normally of the sort to cause pain does not activate the pain system. 46 Pain Ontology (PN) branch of MF-EM Lying about pain 47 Canonical pain pain canonical pain EMOTION COMPONENT CHARACTERISTIC FOR PAIN Action tendency Withdrawal Subjective emotional feeling Negative, tense, powerless Behavioural response Characteristic painful facial expression Characteristic appraisal Something is dangerous to me 49 How shall we structure the MF ontology? 52 simple object-presenting acts vs. judgments, evaluations, … mental process content (putative) target content of presentation presenting act object of presentation “apple” judgment-content judging act “the apple over there is ripe” evaluating act emotional act appraisal … “it is good that the apple over there is ripe” state of affairs objective, fact ? 53 Successful intentionality mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation target present target absent “apple” • target present = you are in physical contact with target • successful intentionality 54 Successful intentionality mental process content (putative) target presenting act content of presentation object of presentation target present + evidence target Absent + evidence “apple” – evidence • target present = with direct evidence • target absent = with indirect evidence, with no evidence at all 55 relational acts • include also cases of unconscious awareness, e.g. of the chair that you are sitting on 56 Veridical intentionality mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation “apple” target present target absent object exists object does not exist ordinary perception 57 Veridical intentionality mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation “apple” target present target absent object exists object does not exist veridical thinking about 58 Non-veridical intentionality mental process content (putative) target presenting act content of presentation object of presentation target present target absent “apple” object exists object does not exist non-veridical thinking about (error, hallucination, imagination, …) 59 Non-veridical intentionality mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation “apple” target present target absent object exists object does not exist error, hallucination = the presenting process is dependent on an underlying false belief 60 Non-veridical intentionality mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation “apple” target present target absent object exists object does not exist thinking about Macbeth = the presenting process is not dependent on an underlying false belief 61 An excluded case mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation “apple” target present target absent object exists object does not exist this combination is impossible 62 Ontological traffic rule: to build an ontology of the types of entities in a complex domain, focus on the canonical instances – in the Macbeth case we are dealing with what happens when language goes on holiday 63 mental act about a real-world object relational (~ perception) content match content mismatch veridical non-relational (~ linguistic) content match content mismatch non-veridical 64 Veridical intentionality mental process content presenting act content of presentation (putative) target object of presentation “apple” target present target absent object exists object does not exist ordinary perception evolutionarily most basic case 65 66 cognitive representation 67 68 An emotion trichotomy Occurrent emotion, e.g. when a person experiences hate for another person on a specific occasion Emotion disposition, e.g. when a person hates someone for a long period of time (is predisposed to occurrent emotions) Personality trait = a predisposition to emotion dispositions (e.g. sadness) of certain sorts (and thus also to corresponding occurrent emotions) Janna Hastings, Werner Ceusters, Barry Smith, Kevin Mulligan, “Dispositions and Processes in the Emotion Ontology”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Ontology, 2011, 71-78. 69 A psychological trichotomy Occurrent mental process, e.g. when Mary sees that Jim has gone bald Mental dispositions, e.g. when Mary thereafter believes for a period of time that Jim has gone bald Psychological traits = predispositions to mental cognitive dispositions (e.g. to beliefs) of certain sorts 70 71 A psycholinguistic trichotomy Occurrent psycholinguistic process, e.g. when Mary reads that Jim has gone bald Mental dispositions, e.g. when Mary thereafter believes for a period of time what she has read Psycholinguistic traits = predispositions to psycholingistic dispositions of certain sorts including linguistic competence 72 73 74 Frishkoff: The mind as a black box X • Mental processes cannot be observed.* • They must be inferred based on what we can observe. What does a temperature chart represent? 76 What does a chart representing your pulse rate represent? 85 80 75 70 65 60 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 77 Cardiac Cycle, Left Ventricle 78 What does a chart of changes in your pulse rate represent? 85 80 75 70 65 60 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 79 What does a chart of changes in the Dow Jones industrial average represent? 1399 1398 1397 1396 1395 1394 1393 1392 1391 time 80 activity during this time interval 81 82 1398 1397 1396 1395 1394 1393 1392 1391 10.5810.59 11 11.0111.0211.0311.0411.0511.0611.0711.0811.09 11.1 11.1111.12 time 83 1398 1397 1396 1395 1394 1393 1392 1391 10.5810.59 11 11.0111.0211.0311.0411.0511.0611.0711.0811.09 11.1 11.1111.12 time What this represents is real, and not just “real” 84 coronary heart disease disease during phase of early lesions and small fibrous plaques instantiates at t1 disease during phase of asymptomatic (‘silent’) infarction instantiates at t2 disease during phase of surface disruption of plaque instantiates at t3 unstable angina instantiates at t4 stable angina instantiates at t5 John’s coronary heart disease What this represents is real, and not just “real” time 85 What did your temperature do over the last month, Jim? Jim’s temperature process profile, the target of a certain sort of cognitive selection, or cognitive profiling 86 The graph picks out just one dimension of qualitative change within a much larger conglomerate of processes within Jim Hence ‘process profile’ 87 Compare perception of polyphonic music • Cognitive selection of the cello part when you listen to a string quartet • Picking out a certain sonic partial process within a larger body of vibrations • Ignoring sneezes, coughs, … • (or sometimes focusing on sneezes and coughs for diagnostic purposes) 88 Compare perception of polyphonic music • Cognitive selection of the cello part when you listen to a string quartet • Picking out a certain sonic partial process within a larger body of vibrations • Ignoring sneezes, coughs, … • (or sometimes focusing on sneezes and coughs for diagnostic purposes) 89 time-series graph of acoustic signal, spectrogram, formants, jaw displacement and other speech parameters 90 adding phonetic, phonemic and syllable levels 91 g u t e n 92 add brain 93 speech is a process profile the speech process is to the totality of acoustic signal, spectrogram, formants, jaw displacement, mental and neurological processes as the pulse rate process is to the totality of aortic, ventricular and atrial pressure, ventricular volume, electrical activity, arterial flow, and other processes in the heart 94 Breakthrough: First sound recordings based on reading human auditory cortex (PLoS Biology, January 2012) 95 Top: spectrogram of words presented to subject. Middle and bottom: reconstructions of speech based on readings from electrodes attached to patient's brain. 96 biological pathways are process profiles BFO: GDC BFO:Independent Continuant BFO:Process Information Content Entity has participant implicitly represents Molecular collective Pathway Pathway diagram BULK has grain MOLECULAR explicitly represents Reaction Individual molecule inheres in BFO:Disposition mental processes, too, are process profiles 98 what is a language? something analogous to a biological species (a population of competences) BFO:Entity BFO BFO:Continuant BFO:Independent Continuant BFO:Occurrent BFO:Dependent Continuant MFO BFO:Process Bodily Process BFO:Disposition BFO:Quality Linguistic competence Behaviour inducing state Linguistic competence of a population = a language Linguistic competence of an individual Cognitive Representation Writing Languagemediated cognitive representation Speaking Reading 106 106 • Examples of dispositions that are constantly being realized: – stock exchange – heart beat – brain activity – social order – language (social) 107