Msc. Thesis - Chemistry
S/NO
NAME
1.
HARAMI
ADAMU
MALGWI
2.
ISTIFANUS
YARKASUWA
CHINDO
REG. NO
TITLE OF
THESIS
Cycloaddition
Reactions of
Ketenes With Some
Selected Oxime
Ethers
Studies on the
Possible Pheromone
Content of
Odontopus
Sexpunctatus
(Hemiptera
Pyrrhocoridae)
YEAR
MAY,
1995
DEC.
1996
ABSTRACT
Phenyl-and chloroketenes undergo cycloaddition
reactions with oxime ethers in refluxing benzene or
ethylacetate to give products that are likely to be 3azetidinones. The spectral data are discussed for these
proposed products. The reaction path is proposed to be
governed by the nature of carbanion fonned as well as
the presence of the electron-rich alkoxy group on the
oxime ethers. The alkoxy group enhances their
reactivities on the electron deficient sp-hybridized
carbon atom of the ketene molecules leading to
subsequent cyclization of the intermediates to give the
proposed 3-azetidinones. The structures of the various
products obtained were determined by1H-NVR
and IR spectrophotometry.
The volatile secretions of odntopus
sexpunctatus (Hemiptera: pyrrhocoridae) were
isolated using the air- borne scent .volatile
extraction system as well as the conventional
solvent extraction system. Combined gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms)
was used to study the chemical composition of
the scent volatile isolates. 1 l'-biphenyl, l,l'oxybisbenzene, 13-butoxytri- decan-4-7-dione,
hexadecanoic acid, 2-decanone, 12-butoxydodecan-4-one and 11-methoxyheptadecan-8one were indentified from the insect scent
volatile isolates. Bioassay test on the 2-
AREAS OF FURTHER
RESEARCH
decanone
identified
in
the
female
but absent in the male insects, revealed that the
compound
may function as a sex-attractant
in this insect species. Aliphatic ketones of this
type
are
known
to
function
as
sex attractants in this insect order. The airborne scent volatile extraction system designed
and tested showed promise if modified as an
alternative method to the conventional solvent
extraction system commonly employed in
natural products research.
3.
HASSAN TAI
YAHAYA
Kenetics
and 1997
Mechanism
of
Redox
Reactions
Between
Bromate
and Iodide Ions in
the Presence of
Aldehydes In Acidic
Medium
Classical
iodometric-kinetic-mechanistic
technique was applied to the kinetic investigation
of bromate-iodide reactions in acidic medium at
an ionic strength of O.066M yielding the rate law;
v = k [H+]2 [1] [BrOa] + k" [H+]2 [1] [BrOa]
An appropriate mechanism was proposed for the
observed rates. The technique was also used to
study the kinetic and mechanism of bromate
oxidation of HCHO, CH3 CHO, Cl3CCHO.H20,
n-CaH7CHO, and C6HsCHO in acidic medium and
constant ionic strength with observed rate obeying
the rate law:
Rate (Observed) = k1 [H+]2 [1] BrO3] + k2
[Aldehyde] [H+]2 [1] [BrO3] leading to an
important relationship between the observed rate
constant, Kobs the rate constant with respect to
bromate-iodide reaction ki, the rate constant with
Comparative studies of
iodometric kinetic
mechanistic technique and
spectrophotometric
technique should be
carried out with an
established standard
systems.
respect to bromate-aldehyde reaction k2 and the
concentration of aldehydes.
Rate constants, Arrehenius and Thermodynamic
parameters were obtained and results obtained
compares favourably well with previous studies
using other techniques. The oxidation of the
aldehydes was found to be first order in oxidant
and substrate and second order in hydrogen ion
dependence. The nature of the aldehydes was also
found to affect the rate of bromate-iodide redox
reaction as compared to reactions without
aldehydes. A bromate-iodide ester mechanism
involving H2 BrO3I as reactive intermediate is
proposed.
4.
Muhammad,
Bala Dabai
Preparation And
Uses of UreaFormaldehyde
Resins
MAY,
1997
Mechanical testing was carried out to gauge the
physical properties of prepared urea-formaldehyde
(u-f) resin for use as an adhesive and a surface coat
for wood, leather, ceramic and scrap metal substrates.
Results of tensile properties, prior to and after
weathering and detergent solution conditioning
indicate that cement and sawdust filled u-f resin is
very suitable for wood and leather adhesion, average
for ceramic adhesion and a non-adhesive for scrap
metal. Abrasion resistance, scratch hardness and
degree of adhesion tests indicate the suitability of
alcohol - modified u-f resin for leather and especially
wood coating. Butylated resin forms a better coat on
all substrates than methylated resin.
Use of alkylating agents
other than alcohols, such as
amines and esters may be
another metllod of alkylation
with surprising results.
Research into these vital
areas may reveal amazing
results tllat may affect not
only the use of u-f resins for
adhesion and surface coating
but also for molding, textile
finishing, paper treatement
and manufacture, etc. The
options are there and are
quite numerous. Everything
in the long run boils down to
economics and here it is
favourable and in fact
attractive.
5.
Kolo Alhaji
Modu
PGS/0376
The Kenetics And
Mechanisms of
Oxidation of Iodide
Ion By Dichromate
Ion in Presence of
Ferrous Ion in
Acicdic Medium
MARCH,
1997
The kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of
iodide by dichromate ion in presence of ferrous
ion in acidic medium was studied by iodometric
technique. The rate has been studied by
appropriate choice of concentration conditions at
constant temperature and ionic strength. The rate
was frst studied for the oxidation without ferrous
ion; and kinetic evidence has been obtained for
the reaction with half, first and second -ord er
dependences on dichromate, iodide and hydrogen
ions concentrations respectively. The observed
rate equation is given as d[12]/dt –K1 [ Cr2 O-27] 1/2
[1- ] [ H+ ]2. The effect of ionic strength on the rate
was also investigated to establish the primary
elementary step of the reaction. The effect of
temperature on the reaction was studied to
evaluate the Arrhenius parameters. The rate was
similarly studied for the oxidation in presence of
ferrous ion following the same procedures and
experimental conditions. The reaction was halforder in dichromate, first order in iodide, second
order in hydrogen ion and a mixture of zero and
first orders in ferrous ion concentration. Plausible
mechanism has been proposed with two
competing reactions and one inhibiting reaction
with activation energies of 19.5kj/mole and
40.27kj/mole respectively.
The observed rate law is given as
6.
BUBA
MAMMAN
WUFEM
PGS/
00262
QUANTITATIVE
DETERMINATION
OF IODINE IN
TABLE SALTS
AND ARSENIC IN
BAUCHI
MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPLIES
MARC
H, 1998
d[12]/dt= k 1 +k 2 [Cr2 O27- ] 1/2 [1- ]
[H+] 2 [ Fe2[ +
The overall stoichiometric studies showed a ratio
of 1:2:7:1 for dichromate, iodide, hydrogen and
ferrous ions respectively. The overall reaction can
be represented as HCr04- + 21- + 7H+ + Fe2+ -->Fe3+ + Cr3+ + 1 2 + 4H20
Arsenic concentrations in public water supplies and
iodine in Bauchi metropolis were determined. The
mean arsenic level in ground water within the
melrorolis was 0. 90+ 0.36mg L-1, the maximum
concent rat ion of arsenic was 3.2mgL-1. The
average arsenic concentrations in hand-dug well
water, bore-hole water and Tap water were 0.89±
0.37 mgL-1, 1.45± 0.22mgL-1 and 0.02± 0.01 mgL-1
respectively. The arsenic level in tap water is found to
be 0.02± 0.01mgL-I The arsenic concentration in
ground water appear to be above the WHO
maximum permissible limit of 0.05 mgL-1. The source
of the arsenic may be geological. The major water
demands in the metropolis are met from
groundwater and the geochemical reaction, caused
by high withdrawal of water may be the major cause
of leaching arsenic from their rich source in
groundwater. Tap water provides alternative safe
water resource otherwise metropolis stands the risk
of arsenic toxicity.
The iodine concentrations in the different samples of
table salts sold in Bauchi metropolitan markets were
determined by titrimetric method. The results
indicated a mean concentration of 30.86mgkg-l,
range 0.00-86.31 mgkg-I, and coefficient of
The
high
arsenic
concentrations in ground
water
In
Bauchi
metropolis is alarming.
The consumption of
arsenic diluted water
may be catastrophic. For
now,
no
endemic
symptoms of arsenic
poisoning have been
reported. There is the
need for cletermining the
blood arsenic levels in
the inhabitants. There I'>
also
the
need
to
determine the arsenic
concentrations of crops
grown in these areas.
The primary source of
iodine for man is food and
drinking
water.
The
iodine
contents
of
common foods eaten by
the people in Bauchi and
their
drinking
water
variation of 16.79%. These results show low mean should be investigated to
concentration
of
iodine
in
table
salts assess their dietary levels.
sold in Bauchi metropolitan markets.
Table salt provides a
means through which
iodine is taken in by man.
The level of iodine in
table salts in Bauchi
markets need to be
checked regularly to
determine the degree of
adulteration, if iodine
deficiency disorders are
be avoided.
7.
OMOLOLA
ADEWUNMI
ALAO
8.
BORYO DORIS
EZEKIEL AMIN
PGS/95
/00487
NUTRIONAL
POTENTIALS OF
STERCULIA
SETIGERA SEED
(KUKKUKI)
MARC
H, 1998
Analysis on Sterculia setigera seed revealed that the
seed is rich in crude protein (18.23 per cent) and oil
(42.67 per cent). The defatted sample has a protein
content of 25.65 per cent and ash, crude fibre,
moisture and Nitrogen free extracts contents of 3.86,
3.57, 7.17 and 24.50 per cent respectively. The seed
is rich in Potassium (826.7mg/Kg), copper
(1.02mg/kg) and Iron (4.00mg/kg). Seventeen amino
acids were identified in the defatted and hydrolysed
seed sample. The seed is rich in six essential amino
acids. UV studies of the virgin oil showed no sign of
unsaturation while the NMR has a characteristic
signal for cyc1opropenes at 80.9ppm.
EVALUATION OF
CHEMICAL
DAMAGES TO KENAF
(Hibiscus cannabinus)
FIBRES DURING
JUNE,
1999
This work was concerned with the sourcing of
cheap fibres from the bast of kenaf plant (Hibiscus
cannabinus) by chemical retting, that may impair
PROCESSING
the fibre properties. The fibres were decorticated
manually, followed by the retting process. Two
retting agents were used, namely sodium
hydroxide and ammonium oxalate. The fibres
were washed, dried and combed to remove short
fibres before mechanical tests. A mechanism of
solubilization of the mucillageneous matter by the
retting agents is suggested. This may be a
neutralization or condensation reaction between
the retting agent and pectins or lignins, leading to
the formation of soluble sodium or ammonium
salts. These reagents yield fibres with different
physical properties. The fibre yield varies between
53 - 57% for sodium hydroxide and 61- 62% for
ammonium oxalate. The ammonium oxalate retted
fibres are cleaner and more lustrous than the
original samples. The fibre linear density is fairly
coarse about 5.4 tex - 6.0 tex for sodium
hydroxide and ammonium oxalate retted samples
respectively. Fibre strength ranges between 6.0 10.6 gf/tex for sodium hydroxide and ammonium
oxalate retted samples respectively. The materials
also show good recovery from creasing, that is, 73
-940 recovery for sodium hydroxide and 92-1030
recovery for ammonium oxalate treated samples.
The sodium hydroxide retted samples are more
hygroscopic than those samples retted with
9.
GIN NUHU
SANBO
PGS/
94-95/
00382
ESTIMATION OF
THE KINETICS OF
REACTIVE DYES
JUNE,
1999
ammonium oxalate after bleaching and
mecerization. The ammonium oxalate treated
samples were easily acted upon with less
damaging effect by bleaching chemicals than the
sodium hydroxide treated samples. This was
attributed to the complete removal of the
impurities by ammonium oxalate while the strong
sodium hydroxide also adversely affected fibre
properties due to the formation of oxycellulose.
This work was concerned with the determination
of the amount of dye taken up by the fibre
quantitatively through the application of kinetic
and thermodynamic principles. With this
application, it was found that dye absorption
depends on such factors as temperature,
concentration of electrolyte, alkali, dye and the pH
of the medium. Studies on the effect of these
factors on dye absorption were conducted using
Procion Scarlet dye on cotton cellulose fabric.
From the results obtained, an increase in
temperature up to an optimum value of 40°C was
accompanied by an increase in the degree of
exhaustion and affinity. Some electrolytes such as
NaCI and CaCl2 and alkalis such as NaHC03 and
Na2C03 enhance dyeing process by increasing the
degree of the dye exhaustion and affinity while
other electrolytes such as KCl and MgCl2 restrain
10.
PAN OMAR
GARBA
PGS/95/
00332
THE EFFECT OF
MORDANTING
AGENTS ON
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES OF
DYE-FIBRE
RETENTION
DEC,
1999
dyeing process by decreasing the degree of dye
exhaustion and affinity. Increase in NaHC03 and
Na2C03 concentrations aid fixation of dyes.
Increase in pH of the medium was accompanied
by a decrease in the degree of exhaustion and
affinity. Any increase in liquor to material ratio
decreased the degree of exhaustion and the affinity
but increased the levelness by reducing the
number of dye molecules in contact with the
substrate.
Dyes were extracted from the tuber of Rawaya
Plant
Choclospermum
tinctorum
using
chloroform, acetone, ethyl ether and petroleum
ether.The absorbance of the dyes were determined
spectrophotometrically. The dyes absorbed
strongly in the ultraviolet region corresponding
to 𝛾 max of 260nm,380nm, 440nm, in chloroform,
acetone,ethyl ether and petroleum ether
respectively. Dyeing was carried out using 2% on
weight of the fabric at temperature range of 30800C for 2hours. Three methods of mordanting
and dyeing before mordanting. Two types of
mordants were used namely potassium dichromate
(K2 Cr2 O7) and copper sulphate (Cu SO4). The
results generally show that the degree of
exhaustion was greatest when the substates were
mordanted before dyeing. Lower temperatures
11.
ABAYEH
OLUWAKEMI
MODUPE
PGS/
96-97
/00670
CITRUS FRUIT
RIND OILS: AN
INVESTIGATION
OF ACTIVE
COMPONENTS
ON THE LIFECYCLE OF
MOSQUITOES.
also favoured high degree of exhaustion of
mordant fibres. The results are consistent for the
three methods of dyeing employed. The partition
coefficient and diffusion coefficient and the
affinity of thedye are temperature dependant. The
diffusion coefficient decrease as temperature
increased
AUGUST,
This thesis is the product of an initiative to
2000
optimally utilise waste and at the same time
control the incidence of malaria, which is one of
the greatest killer diseases. Citrus rind oils had
been known to have insecticidal effects on many
pests, but it has not been quantitatively tested on
mosquito - the vector of malaria. In this work,
soxhlet extraction with hexane was used being the
best among other methods to extract rind oils. Oils
from three species of citrus [C. aurantifolia
(lime), C. paradisi (grape) and C. sinensis (sweet
orange)] at two physiological (ripe and unripe)
stages of the fruit were tested on the three stages
of mosquito's life cycle (larvae, pupae and adult).
The results showed that the rind oils were
effective, the ripe rind oils were however most
effective. The active component of the oil was
found to be limonene the abundance of which was
in the order of orange >grape >lime. The
effectiveness of the oil compared favourably with
Maximizing
the
extraction of citrus rind
oils
by
possible
mechanized methods.
2. Examination of the
pathological/insecticidal
effects of the citrus oils
on mosquito larvae,
pupae and adult to enable
the determination of the
exact
mechanism
involved.
3.
Comparing
the
terpenes and limonene of
citrus
origins
with
chemically synthesized
ones.
4.
Investigating
the
comparative effectiveness
of synergism.
12.
UGWU
EMILLIA
UCHENNAYA
PGS/96
/ 0176
TOXICITY AND
REPLELLENCY
STUDIES OF NEEM
(Azadirachta indica) SEED
EXTRACTS ON
MOSQUITOES
(Anopheles gambiae)
the
presently
marketed
insecticides
at
concentrations as low as 0.063%. The lethal effect
of the oil was directly related to the concentration.
Though the actual mechanism of the effect of the
oil on the mosquito stages was not investigated, it
was however obvious that the use of citrus rind oil
holds a lot of promise to the search for an
effective, cheap and environmentally friendly
mosquito control agent and as such would become
a very important tool in the arduous task to "roll
malaria back"- a recent international program on
effective malaria control in the West Africa subregion.
AUGUST,
Various chemical formulations were prepared
2000
from aqueous, light petroleum and methanolic
extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed
kernels. These preparations included candles of
5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (w/w) neem oil
composition; as well as four neem coils
(formulated from the neem seed cake, whole neem
seed, neem oil and dry neem methanolic extract)
and aqueous neem extract spray. These
formulations were tested for repellency and
toxicity effects on adult mosquitoes, Anopheles
gambiae. The highest toxicity was obtained with
the neem oil coil (10%) which gave 57.14% knock
down (death) after 2 hours of treatment, with
5.
Investigating the
impact of citrus
rind oils on the
soil fauna where
the
rind
is
disposed
as
wastes.
further work could be
done to isolate the
compound 3,4-dimenthly1
1,2,4-trithiolane and to
subject it to test as insect
repellent.
volatiles emitted from the neem oil while the
lowest toxicity was observed for the 5% neem oil
candle with a knock down of 12.50% after 3
hours of treatment. The neem coil volatiles gave
very good repellency to adult Anopheles gambiae
as 100% repellency was observed within 10
minutes of treatment. The lowest repellency was
observed with the 5% aqueous neem seed kernel
extract spray, which gave 7.14% repellency after
30 minutes. All the neem candles showed minimal
activty against the mosquitoes while the neem
coils emitted volatiles which gave significant
toxicity
and
excellent
repellency.
Gas
chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
analysis of the neem oil volatiles showed that the
volatile materials contained 2 -decenal, 2, 4dodecadienal, I ,8 -dimethy 1-4-( 1methylethenyl)-spiro[4.5]dec-7-ene, hexadecanoic
acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl
ester and 3,5 –diethyl -I, 2, 4- trithiolane, a
relatively new compound. It is hereby suggested
that these compounds along with azadirachtin 18
may have contributed to the biological activity of
the scent volatiles of the neem oil present in these
formulations and could be responsible for the
repellency/knock down effects on adult mosquitoes,
Anopheles gambiae.
13.
DANBASAR
DENIS
DANLADI
PGS/
93-94
/0292
GROUND
WATERS
QUALITIES IN
SOME LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
HEADQUARTERS
OF BAUCHI AND
GOMBE STATES,
NIGERIA
JUNE,
2000
14.
SALEHDEEN
MOHAMMED
UMAR
PGS/
00666
COMPARISION OF APRIL,
ASTRINGENT
2000
POWER OF
LABORATORY
CHROMIUM SALT
WITH A
COMMERCIAL
CHROMIUM SALT
A total of 110 water samples from 80 open wells
and 30 boreholes were collected from sixteen (16)
local government headquarters. Samples were
analyzed to assess their potability by estimating
their physical and chemical parameters. Most
concentrations of these parameters conform with
recommended standards, but some samples
recorded high levels of 1.94mg/L fluoride,
1.89mg/L iron, 1.51mg/L manganese, 2.39mg/L
copper, and 59.56FTU turbidity contrary to the
World Health Organization on their permissible
limit for drinking water.
The mechanical properties such as the breaking load
and elongation in the direction of head to tail of a
fat-liquored collagen, leather from commercial
chromium sulphate and basic chromium sulphate
made from chromium powder were determined. The
strength of these materials were 35.0, 19.7 and 16.1
kgf respectively. Their corresponding percentage
elongations at break were 8.6, 4.8 and 5.3. The
degree of exhaustion of the two astringent
chromium salts were also determined. The
commercial salt yielded 50.6% after 42 hours of
tanning, while the salt from chromium powder gave
24.3% over the same period. The degree of swelling
by water binding test for pickled collagen, leather
from the commercial salt and leather from the salt
made from chromium powder were 35, 4, and 7
respectively. Their corresponding percentage
swelling in acid were -30, +7 and -8. Comparable
results were obtained for the specimens in the belly
direction with the possible exception of elongation
at break which gave an average value of 8.7, 5.7 and
Intensive research work to
be carried out on high
levels concentrates and
their associated clinical
defects.
Further works in this field
may
consider
the
following improvements
on the astringent salt from
chromium powder and
their
applications
to
collagen.
Use of higher masking
degree of formate on
chromium to enhance
better chromium uptake
and
distribution
in
collagen, in accordance to
Thorstenson (1976).
Use of buffered tanning
solution to ensure stable
composition of chromium
salt that will penetrate and
fix on to the carboxylic
groups of collagen when
appropriate.
15.
MAMMAN,
ALI GIDEON
PGS/
00819
ANALYSIS OF
LIQUEFACTION
AND
CARBINIZATION
PRODUCTS OF
NIGERIA’S SUBBITUMINOUS
COALS.
MARC
H, 2000
5.2 percent respectively. The dry crease recovery
angle of these materials were determined. These
showed excellent recoveries after creasing,
displaying values of 111.3°, 111.8° and 120° for
pickled collagen, commercial chromium sulphate
and basic chromium sulphate made from chrome
powder respectively. These excellent crease
recoveries show that the materials can be used to
produce things like jackets, hand gloves, casing for
eye glasses and wrist watch straps.
Use of higher starting
concentration of
chromium sal t solution
which will result in the
formation of chromium
complex that is largely
anionic and non-ionic
according to Chagne et al
(1996). Anionic or nonionic
Three sub-bituminous coals samples from Onyeama,
Okpara, and Okaba mines were investigated by solvent
extraction and carbonization to elucidate their chemical
composition. The extracts and tars were separated by
silica-gel adsorption chromatography into aliphatics,
aromatics, and polar fractions. Characterization of the
factions by GC-MS, NMR and IR spectroscopy gave
chromatograms and spectra indicating the structures of
the classes of compounds present in these coals.
A preliminary conclusion from the result shows that
the whole coal structure is made up of low molecular
weight alkyl groups, predominantly isomeric forms of
alkyl-benzenes. These are from parent polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) linked by short
aliphatic chains. The compounds identified are ring
structures in various stages of aromatisation.
The level of technological
development of a society is
an index of the standard of
living of
that society.
This is directly correlated
with the amount of energy
consumed by it. The fuel
scarcity precipitated by
the crises in the energy
sector in Nigeria can be
viewed as a
microcosm
of a global pandemonium
should crude-oil reserve in
the world be depleted.
Scientists must not wait
for this to happen before
other sources of energy such
as coal, oil
shale, tar
sands, etc are exploited.
The presence or
hctcroutoms nitrogen,
sulphur, oxygen, as well as
mineral matter perhaps
complicated the
structure of coal.
Consequently these
complicated the conversion
processes. The
puzzle may be approached
from another perspective,
possibly the overall
reaction scheme with
particular cmphasi» to
kinetics or the reactions (i.e.
the conversion processes).
16.
ANGEH J.
ELOH
PGS/
97-98/
42004
STUDIES OF THE
POTENTIAL USE
OF Viscum-album
(MISTLETOE) IN
CANCER AND
WATER
TREATMENT
MARCH,
2001
Plant sample of the African Mistletoe was
collected from Pakia biglobassa Family:
Fabaceae, the host plant. The sample was then
dried, powdered, and extracted serially with
ligroin, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol
and water, using maceration and soxhlet extraction
methods. The acetone extract (DH ) was subjected
to phytochemical screening, spectroscopic
analysis and brine shrimp test and found to
contain tannins and alkaloids that were highly
cytotoxic to Artemia salima. The observation
revealed that the acetone extract (DH) of the
African Mistletoe may be active against leukemia
cells and therefore could be an anti-tumor agent.
Bioassay studies of the various extracts also
revealed that the components of the African
17.
MUKTAR
NAMADI
MUHAMMAD
PGS/
402015
THE USE OF
SOLID WASTES
TO REMOVE
CHROMIUM
FROM TANNERY
WAST WATER
FEB,
2004
Mistletoe are neither repellants nor toxicants to
coliforms.
The effect of the addition of powdered chicken
feather, goat hair, cow bone, coconut husk, corn
cob and cotton to industrial effluent was studied.
These agricultural wastes were found to alter the
characteristics of tannery effluent significantly. It
was observed that appreciable quantity of
chromium ion was removed almost immediately
the sorbents made contact with the wastewater.
The addition of 3. Ogm of each of the agricultural
waste to 50ml of the wastewater resulted in the
reduction of chromium content appreciably.
Although, there are minor variations in their
adsorption abilities, it is evident that in almost all
cases, over 70% of the chromium metals were
removed or sequestered from the wastewater. The
adsorption ability and the possible chemical
changes occurring in this process have been
discussed.
It is suggested that further
work could be carried on
possible ways these solid
materials (sorbents) can
absorb and hold metal
ions. It could be possible
that the metal ions are
simply deposited on the
surfaces of the sorbents or
cellularly held within the
chains of the sorbent
protein or cellulose
macromolecules.
Further studies could be
corroborated if studies
would be carried out to
look into possibilities of
safe disposal of these
treated solid materials.
The existence of some
species of organisms that
can take up toxic metal,
metabolize it and become
useful to them as well as
some plant species that are
bio-accumulators/bioindicators could
tremendously assist in the
research and also in
tackling the menace of
solid waste management
and the global norms of
integrated waste
management system.
18.
HALIMA
LADAN
MOHAMMED
PGS/
98-99/
402013
COMBUSTION
MAY,
STUDIES OF
2004
BIOMASS-COAL
CHAR
BRIQUETTES IN A
FLUIDISED BED
REACTOR
Shortage of petroleum products such as kerosene
and gas and other purpose has brought the need to
search for alternatives. Biomass waste readily
comes to the fore of these alternatives. However,
the biomass has to be consolidated in order to
increase the energy, density, maintain shape
during combustion and to be transported easily.
Biomass briquettes were produced using an E.L.E.
compaction machine at pressure of 1.27N/m 2 from
sawdust, rice husk, maize husk and as blend with
carbonised coal char. Moisture content and ash
content were determined. Moisture gave 11.82%
while ash gave 0.25% on the average.
Compressive strengths were also determined and
the result obtained show that sawdust has
325KN/m2, Blend sawdust 419 KN/m2, rice husk 299
KN/m2, blend rice husk 223 KN/m2, maize husk 565
KN/m2, as point of deformation respectively. From
the results obtained it shows that maize husk has
the highest point of deformation. Combustion of
each sample briquette shows that blend rice husk
burned at 2820C, blend saw dust at 2640C,
sawdust 3470 C, rice husk 286 0C and maize husk
1960 C respectively.
19.
ADO
KABIRU
PGS/98
/402014
ASSESSMENT OF
THE PRESENCE
OF PHENOLIC
AND CHROMIUM
COMPOUNDS IN
SOME SELECTED
TEXTILE
EFFLUENTS
FEB.
2004
In this study, the presence of phenolic and
chromium compounds was assessed in some
selected textile effluents. Effluents from five
textiles industries: A, B, C, D and E have been
analyzed for Hexavalent Chromium, Phenolic
compounds,
using
colorimetric
method.
Chromium was determined colorimetrically by the
reaction with 1, 5-diphenylcarbazide in acid
solution, measured spectrometrically at 540nm.
Phenolic compound was determined by reacting
the sample with 4-aminoantipyrene in the
presence of K3Fe(CN)6 in alkaline solution,
extracted with chloroform and absorbance
measured at 460nm. Alkalinity (mg/l) (389, 128,
189, 60, 110), colour (Hazen) (9.0, 8.8, 9.0, 8.6,
8.8) and Coliform bacteria (CFU/ml) (150, 100,
100, 150, 150) for industry A to E respectively
and were determined using standard methods. It
has been observed that these industries produce
and discharge objectional levels of the above
pollutants; with industry A having the highest
pollutants load (chromium - 0.20mg/l, phenol 0.44mg/I, alkalinity - 389mg/l, colour - 9.0 Hazen,
and coliform - 150CFU/ml) and D with the
lowest pollutants load (chromium - 0.24mg/I,
phenol - 0.02mg/l, alkalinity - 60mg/I, colour - 8.8
Hazen and coliform - 150CFU/ml). The results
also show that only one industry: D is able to
manage its wastes to the acceptable limits set by
Federal Ministry of Environment, but there is need
for further treatment to remove chromium or at
least bring down the level of chromium
concentration to the acceptable levels set by
Federal Ministry of Environment and WHO of
<0.1 mg/L. This imposes danger to the resource
potential of the receiving water body, fish farmers
and to the agricultural land at the bank of the river.
The effluents should undergo primary, secondary
and tertiary treatment processes before discharge
into the environment.
20.
AKONG
DENNIS
AKONG
PGS
/2000-01/
402033
PHYTOCHEMICAL
SCREENING AND
BIOASSAY OF
PARINARI
CURATELIFOLIA
JULY,
2004
Pulverized mixture of leaves and stems of the shrub
Parinari curatelifolia species was subjected to soxhlet
extraction using 96% methanol, and later on this
extract was dispersed, one after the other, in methanol,
diethyl ether, water and n-hexane by the micro
separation technique to obtain four different fractions.
Anti-microbial activity determination was carried out
on all the extracts using some selected microorganisms
as shown. The activity of the water extract proved
more potent on Pseudomonal aeruginosa, Salmonella
typhi, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus substilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida
albican than the other extracts. The methanol extract
was less active than the water extract on all the
organisms except Candida albican, which did not show
any activity. Extracts of diethyl ether and n-hexane did
not show any anti microbial activity. Determination of
the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (M.I.C) of the
water extract, the most potent, was performed on the
Further studies can be
carried out in especially in
isolating and refining the
active constituents,
elucidation of the
structures that would
enable their synthesis.
organisms. The values obtained range from
0.195mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml, with the extract showing its
greatest potency on the Pseudomonal aeruginosa and
Klebsiella spp and least on Bacillus cereus. The
phytochemical screening of the extracts was
investigated. The results obtained indicated the
presence of saponins, flavonoids, balsams, alkaloids,
tannins, phenols and digitalis glycosides. Infrared
spectral analysis of the water extract indicated the
presence of aliphatic alkanes, amines, alcohols, esters
and carbonyl compounds.
21.
OYEKA
JACINTA
EBERECHU
KWU
PGS/
20002001/
402026
EFFECT OF
RESINATION ON
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
CELLULOSIC
(COTTON)
FABRIC
2004
Melamine, otherwise known as 1 3 5 - triamino,
2,4,6- triazine was reacted with 1 - 6 moles
formaldehyde at the pH ranging from 8.0 to 8.5
adjusted with 0.02M sodium carbonate at 85°C.
The syntheses yielded mono through hexasubstituted methylol melamine precondensate
buffered with 0.01 M anhydrous sodium
tetraborate. The rheological properties of 1 - 5°/
concentrations of the methylol melamines were
investigated using Rotary viscometer, Abbey
refract meter, 1R moisture determination
balance, density bott1e and electronic balance
respectively. Seven plain weave gray cotton
fabrics were analysed, purified and pretreated by
scouring with 0.05M boiling NaOH, bleaching
with hydrogen peroxide and mercerization with
22% NaOH under non-ambient condition. The
methylol rnelamines ere apphed on the fabrics by
the padding method using improvised padding
The major problems with
melamine resin is the
formation of chloramine
due to the retention of
chlorine when the fabric is
treated with hypochlorite
as in dry bleaching. Also
development of fishy
odours in the treated
fabric on storage
especially under humid
condition.
mangles. The treated fabrics were baked in oven
at 100oCfor 10min and cured at 150°C for 20min. These
treatments cause cross-linking of the resin with
cellulose macromo1ecules. A systematic study of
the effects of resination on the mechanical and
physical
properties such as tension, flexion, friction of the
cotton fabrics were carried out. The data obtained
were subjected to statistical analysis. The
improvement of mechanical properties with
degree of substitution of the resins was fairly
consistent, and this may be attributed to the
reactions of the hydroxyl group in cellulose with
the methylol group in the resin. The performance
indices of the fabrics were also estimated. This
range from 1.0 to 1.5, using the dry crease
recovery data and those of breaking load of the
resinated fabrics. Thus resinated fabrics were
generally found to be more durable than untreated
samples.
22.
BDLIYA
DANIEL I
PGS/2000
-2001/
402027
COMPARATIVE
STUDIES OF
SOME SELECTED
BOREHOLES IN
BAMA AND
THEIR
ATTEMPTED
PURIFICATION
AUGUS
T 2004
Further work should be
Three boreholes were analysed for the normal carried out to find proper
ways of using natural
parameters for drinking water. Two samples resources for the reduction
were taken at two different seasons (Dry-April of fluoride-rich waters.
and Rainy- September), which consists of five"
sets for every borehole. The samples digested
(for minerals) and were then analysed using
Spectrophotometer. Titrimetric method and
Conductivity/Total Dissolved Solid meter
Conductivity measurements revealed that the
Senior Staff Quarter's borehole contains more
ions than the other two (Low Cost Housing and
Borno
State
Agricllitural
Development
Programme's) boreholes with a value of 950.942
+0.4811,us/cm,whereas
200.7800+0.6274us/cm
the
others
have
0.6274~ls/cm and
320.9600+05004us/cm.respectively.The
concentrations of the minerals conform to WHO
standard except fluoride in SSQ borehole, which
has a value of 2.701 mg/l and 2.632mg/l for the
two seasons, respectively, compared to the WHO
standard
of
I.5mg/l. Attempts were made to defluorinate the
excess fluoride using Moringa Oleifera seed
powder and Alum. The ripped seeds were
defatted by soxhlet extraction with petroleum
ether as solvent. Different amounts, in grammes,
were mixed with one litre of the water each
25mls of each were filtered after
some time and the fluoride content analysed
using Spectrophotometer. The results showed
that the addition of Moringa Oleifera powder
reduced the fluoride concentration but not as
effectively as using Alum.
23.
IBOK NNE
PGS/
SYNTHESIS OF
JUNE,
This
project
reports
the
diazotization
of
UMO
402022
FUSED TRISTRIAZOLES
2004
melamine (2,4,6- triamino-1,3,5-triazine) with
aqueous sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid
solution at O0 C to form hexazonium salt which
was coupled to para-substituted aromatic amines
at the position ortho to the amino group, to give
good yields (70- 96%) of the corresponding azo
compounds 128a-c,e,g,h, namely 2,4,6-tris (2amino-5- carboxylate phenyl azo) - 1,3,5- triazine,
128a; 2,4,6 - tris (2-amino-5-methyl phenyl azo)1,3,5-triazine, 128b; 2,4,6 - tris(2-amino-5-nitro
phenyl azo)- 1,3,5-triazine 128c; 2,4,6 - tris (2amino-5-methyl carboxylate phenyl azo) - 1,3,5triazine, 128e; 2,4,6-tris (2-amino-5-ethyl
carboxylate phenyl azo)-1,3,5-triazine, 128g;
2,4,6-tris (2-N,N-dimethy amino-5-benzaldehyde
azo)- 1,3,5-triazine 128h. These azo compounds
except 128h which was used as a control were
oxidized with copper (II) acetate and air in
refluxing DMF to give fused tris-1,2,3- triazoles
(compounds 129a-e); 2,4,6- tris (5-carboxylate
benzo-1,2,3- triazolyl)- 1,3,5 triazine, 129a; 2,4,6tris (5-methyl benzo-1,2,3- triazolyl)
1,3,5triazine 129b; 2,4,6-tris (5-nitro benzo1,2,3,triazolyl) - 1,3,5-triazine; 129c; 2,4,6, tris (5methyl carboxylate benzo- 1,2,3-triazoly) -1,3,5triazine 129d; 2,4,6-tris (5-ethyl carboxylate
benzo-1,2,3-triazolyl) -1,3,5-triazine,
129e.
24.
EZERIBE
AUGUSTINE
IBEABUCHI
PGS/2002
/402053
EFFECTS OF
VARIATION OF
AUGUS
CATALYST MASS T 2007
AND DEGREE OF
SUBTITUTION
ON THE
RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF
UREA/MELAMINE
FORMALDEHYDE
RESINATED
COTTON FABRIC
Infrared spectral data and melting points for all the
compounds prepared are included in the report.
Mono to tetra methylol urea, mono to
hexamethylol melamine resines were synthesized
at various mass of 0.5g, 0.75g, l.Og, 1.25g and
1.5g of catalyst. Cotton fabrics were purified and
resinated. Rheological/mechanical properties of
resins/resinated cotton complex were investigated.
The result revealed a yield of 84% and 53% at J
.Og of catalyst in tetramethylol urea and
hexamethylol melamine resins respectively. Shear
viscosities of UF/MF resins increased with degree
of substitution and mass of catalyst and gave the
highest viscosity of 6.8 poises and 45 poises in
tetramethylol urea and hexamethylol melamine
respectively. The conductivity of resins attained
maximum values of 0.101 (OmY', 0.073(OmY' in
dimethylol urea and monomethylol melamine
respectively. The DCRA attained maximum
values of 86° and 55°, 125° ancl 105° in warp and
weft axis of samples treated with trimethylol urea
and hexamethylol melamine respectively at
150°C. Breaking load gave values of 8.6kgf,
6.6kgf at J .Og of catalyst, I 0.8kgf and I 0.2kgf at
0.75g or catalyst in warp and weft axis of
monomethylol urea and hexamethylol resinatecl
samples. These samples weighed 0.151g and
O.lOlg in methylol urea resin, 0.2052g and 0.181
g in mcthylol melamine resins in warp and weft
axis respectively. These represent half the tear
strength (0.22675g; 22kgf) of men's pants and
trousers. A Iso, breaking load decreased at 170°C
from 1 0.8kgf to 8.9kgf ancl 1 0.2kgf to 6.4kgf in
warp and weft axis of methylol melamine resins.
This represents over 20% and 59% lost of strength
in warp and weft axis respectively.
25.
26.
OKOOBOH
ASOTIE
MATTHEW
PGS/
20012002/
402062
PHYTOCHEMISTR NOVE
Y AND
MBER,
ISOLATION OF
2007
ACTIVE
COMPONENTS OF
Cassia alata LINN
TARNONGO
TERUNGWA
PGS/
2001-
SOME EFFECTS
OF CHEMICAL
AUGUS
T, 2007
The leaves of Cassia alata Linn were successively
soxhlet extracted with n- hexane and ethyl acetate.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts
revealed the presence of free anthraquinones,
flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. The n-hexane
crude extract exhibited some anti - bacterial activity
against Yersinnia enteroco/itica, Streptoccocus
pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. Anti-fungal
activities against Microsporum audouinii and
Trichophyton meritagroPhyt~ were also observed.
A synergic test of n-hexane and ethyl acetate
extracts showed an improved sensitivity against
Shigella sormei and Strep. pneumionia. A
confirmatory phytochemical analysis performed on
the most mobile TLC isolate (R, 0.94) from the nhexane extract revealed the presence of steroidal
saponin. This was found to be active against Strep.
pnenmonia.
Chemical treatment of base fibre obtained from
.1
fu
esu
eh
SAMUEL
2002/
402054
TREATMENTS ON
THE PHYSICAL
AND
MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF
KENAF (Hibiscus
cannabinus, L)
BAST FIBRE.
kenaf (Hibicus cannabinus,L) plant was described.
Both physical and some mechanical properties of
fibres were also reported. The PH values for both
water and chemical ratting were found to be in a
decrease due to the dissolution of cellulosic
admixtures to form pectinous and other organic
acid. Higher drop in fibre yields were observed in
chemical ratting, while a very small lost was
noticed in both bleaching and mercerization
process ,which may be due to the dicolouring and
the formation of oxycellulose at high bleaching
temperature(1000C) and the process of washing
out concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) from
fibres. Linear densities increased with increase in
concentration of ratting liquor. Increase in
mercerization liquor concentration resulted to
decreased in linear densities due to decrease in
length,low mass and high degree of amorphous
region.Both ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH),
oxalic
acid
(H2C2O4),ammonium
oxalate
[(NH4)2C2O4] and a combination NH4OH
andH2C2O4 experienced and increase in length;
this may be due to the bulky nature of the ratting
agents involved. Chemical treatment generally
resulted to decrease in tencile strength and severe
damage was noticed in the fibre treated with
H2C2O4 due to its hydrolyzing action on cellulose.
OCHaN3Cre eofun
enaCrci setnuros seif Cs
tuofCrett Ciuoci Cice
etc
should
u
uemurpurtud
in
fibreaauiusscreim
Cbsuriu ef both sonera
puCrs nCtkCtc Cice Cre
ofCo euanCeCocer eh ofu
hc nu methsCiifCnceus cs
pcrcpcsue. eusceust ofu
setnuros iCr u nuihitue
ofunu h pCkcra ofu
process less expensive.
.2
c nu
puniuncsCocersfeete
Ctse
u uemuncpuroue
cof
Cppercep
fheneeceuat
OoC
.3
auttetesu
CiuohtCocer sfeete Ctse
u uemuncpuroue
cof
.mfofCtci Crfhenceu
4
enofun
enk
sfeete u iCnncue eeo oe
euounpcru ofu ofunpCt
ifCnCiouncsocis
eh ofu CiuohtCoue kurCh
Cso
hc nus
escra
Moisture inbibitions of cellulose increase from
ratting through bleaching to mercerization and
reduced drastically after acetylation due to the
complete substitution of the hydroxyl groups on
the cellulos backbone, by the acetyl groups.
27.
MAIDUGU
GAMBO
SALJABA
PGS/
20012002/
402058
PRODUCTION
AND
FLAMMABILITY
TEST OF
GUNPOWDER
FROM COAL AND
RAFFIA PALM
PRODUCTS (TIETIE AND
PIASSAVA)
DECEM
BER,
2006
In this research study, locally available raw
materials; coal and raffia palm tree products (TieTie and Piassava) used to produce gun-powder.
Preparatory test was carried out on the produced
powders and their ignitability rate were
ascertained. Their effectiveness was also tested in
the laboratory using “Crib-test” method to
determine their flammability rate (ie. Distance
travelled by the flame in centimeter per second).
The ignitability of the produced gun-powder was
also tested by local licensed hunters using their
dane guns. The result obtained from the gun
powders produced was compared with those of a
“standard”; (commercially available gun-powders
in the market). When the flame propagation rates
of the “standard” were compared to those of the
produced gun-powders, it was found that ,the time
echhunurocCt
.CrCthsun
ofunpCt
5
eeacra hnep ofu
nueeiocer cr pecsoenu
emoCkut Cre ofu ru
mnehctu
eh
fhenemfe cicoh kurCh Cso
CiuohtCoue
hc nus
u
uemuncpuroue
hen
cos
iCreceCous
f
en
nCku mCe pConce
taken for flame –out is almost the same with a
variation of +_ 2.0 seconds and the movement of
fleme in centimeters per second when 0.5g,1.0g
and2.0g were coated on a 50cm length cottoncloth
with adhesive gum is almost the same with a
variation of +- 0.44cm/sec, indicating that the
materials used in this study showed, coal and
raffia palm tree products(Tie-Tie and Piassava) to
have high potential for production of gunpowder
even for commercial purposes.
28.
BALA
ADAMU
THLIZA
PGS/
20012002/
402057
DETERMINATION
OF COMPRESSIVE NOVE
STRENGTH AND
MBER,
COMBUSTIBILITY 2006
POTENTIAL OF
COAL
CHAR/BIOMASS
BRIQUETTES.
Investigation on the compressive strength
.and combustibility properties of coal char and
Biomass wastes was carried out on five sets of
briquettes produced from three different
sources of material using a cassava starch as a
binder, the briquettes were produced using Elburdenberg compacting machine with Model
No. EI-31 -34010 at a pressure of 1.42KN/m2.
Using a triaxial compression machine, Model
No. 1155 - 3 – 2169, the comprehensive
strength or the briquettes were determined as
661,506.94, 281.26, 928.29, and 584.64KN/m 2
units for ricehusk, ricehusk/coal char blend,
sawdust, sawdust/coal char blend, and coal
char briquettes respectively. A comparative
test of the briquettes and firewood was carried
out. lkg of each set of briquette and firewood
was weighed. Ricehusk briquette boiled 1.5
litres of water in 37minutes, while firewood
boiled the same quantity or water in 38minutes
30 seconds. Sawdust briquette boiled the water
in 25minutcs, while sawdust/coal char blend
boiled the water in 20minutes. coal char
briquette boiled the water in 15minutes 30
seconds. The results obtained revealed that
such briquettes were of appreciable strength
and could not crumble during combustion;
they also resist abrasion during transportation
and help keep the environment clean.
29.
ALI ISA
HASSAN
PGS/
20012002/
402050
X-RAY
DIFFRACTION, XRAY
FLUORESCENCE
AND INFRARED
STUDIES OF
COAL
PROCESSING
DUST
MARC
H, 2007
Air quality is a serious issue in an industrial
setting where dust can affect our sinuses,
lungs and entire respiratory system with
potentially very serious consequences. The
growing demand for alternative sources of
energy, necessitated investigations into coal.
Coal processing is a broader term used to
describe the complete process of crushing,
sizing, handling and washing of the run-ofmine coal. The dust corning out of these
mechanical processes of size reduction was
collected using a preweighed PVC filter. The
dust was subjected to infra-red (IR), X-ray
diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis.
The infrared spectra show major absorption
bands associated with aliphatic and aromatic
CH groups. The X-ray diffractogram shows a
number of inorganic substances and some
heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and
arsenic depending on the location of the
sample. Uranium was among the compounds
that appeared in the Doho coal dust. The X-ray
fluorescence spectrograph also confirms the
presence of a number of inorganic substances
and some heavy metals in dust samples
analyzed. The concentrations of some of these
heavy metals in the samples are of great
concern; Titanium 6720 ppm in Doho sample,
Manganese 4770 ppm in Lamja sample and
Iron 51000 ppm in Okaba sample. These
levels are of course a potential health risk
upon long time exposure. However, the high
levels of these mineral elements or metals are
also an indication of the availability of these
elements for prospecting and mining in a
growing economy.
30.
GAMBO
NANBOL
NDAM
PGS/
20012002/
402057
PHYTOCHEMICAL
AND
CHROMATOGRAPHIC
STUDIES OF THE
POLAR EXTRACTS
OF THE LEAVES OF
Cassia alata LINN
NOVE
MBER,
2007
The dried leaves of Cassia alata Linn were
pulverized and extracted successively with
hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water in
that
order.
Phytochemical screening of the water
extracts showed that both contained
anthraquinones, flavonoids and saponins.
Methanol extract, however, contained
terpenes in addition to those mentioned
above. Thin Layer Chromatography was
performed with the crude extracts of
Further antimicrobial
sensitivity tests need to be
carried out in order to
ascertain the minimum
inhibitory concentrations
(MIC) of the bioactive
components.
methanol and water. Each extract gave three
spots on the TLC plates. The RF valves of
the methanol extract fractions Me1, Me2 and
Me3, were 0.402, 0.646 and 0.744
respectively. Those of the water extract
fractions Wel, We2, and We3, were 0.333,
0.583 and 0.833 respectively. The crude
extracts as well as the purified fractions were
tested on five bacteria (Escherichia Coli,
Salmonella
typhi,
Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica and
Shiggella sonnei) and two fungi pathogens
(Microsporum audouinii and Trichophyton
mentagrophyte). Results of the sensitivity of
crude extracts showed that water extract had
an appreciable effect on S. sonnei and Y.
enterocolitica. It was, however, fairly active
on Strep. Pneumoniae and Saltyphi. The
methanol crude extract was active on M.
audouinii and T. mentagrophyte. The
fraction Me3, accounted for the antifungal
activity while water fractions Me2 and Me3
were found to account for the antibacterial
activity. Phytochemical screening, infrared,
1
H-nmr and 13C-nmr revealed that all the
active principles in both methanol and water
extracts were anthraquinone derivatives.
31.
LUKAANZAH
MARY
PGS/
402055
FACILES
SYNTHESIS OF NACYLPHENYLHY
DRAZONES
NOVE
MBER,
2007
32.
IYUN
OGUNKEMI
RISIKAT
AGBEKE
PGS/
20052006/
4020260
SYNTHESIS OF
DYES DERIVED
FROM 2-AMINO
HETEROCYLES
AND THEIR
DYEING
PERFORMANCE
ON POLYMERIC
MATERIALS
OCTOB
ER,
2008
As part of the strategy for the synthesis of some
heterocyclics it became necessary to first
synthesize N-acylphenylhydrazones as precursors
to these heterocyclics. Hydrazone derivatives are
of interest as building blocks for heterocyclic
compounds containing N-N bonds. This thesis
therefore
reports
the
N-acylation
of
phenylhydrazones 52a-e of some selected
carbonyl compounds in dry tetrahydrofuran or
toluene with a few selected aromatic carboxylic
acids in the presence of Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
(DCC) as coupling agent to give good yields (6193%)
of
the
corresponding
Nacylphenylhydrazones
54a-o.
The
Nacylphenylhydrazones were assigned structures
based on their infrared, UV data and the synthetic
sequence.
A series of monoazo dyes have been synthesized
from 2-aminoheterocycles such as 2-amino-4phenyl-thiazole, 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole and 2amino-4-methyl-5-carbathoxythiazole which were
previously synthesized and characterized using
spectroscopic and non spectroscopic methods. The
dyeing properties of these dyes on nylon 6,6, wool
and silk were investigated and reported. The
synthesized monoazo dyes containing different
substituents imparted various colours on these
1. The determination
of the effect of
dye/liquor ration
on dying.
2. The effect of salt
concentration on
dying.
3. The percentage
shade of dying to
enable the
determination of
most suitable
33.
OSHIEKE
KINGSLEY
CHINONYER
EM
PGS/
20062007/
4020277
PRODUCTION
AND
CHARACTERIZAT
ION OF
BIODIESEL FROM
Pentaclethra
macrophylla
(African Oil Bean)
SEED OIL
2010
percentage.
materials due to changes in the positioning of the
substituents on the dye molecules. The results of
dyeing on nylon, wool and silk indicated that
monoazo dyes containing 2-aminoheterocycles
showed good exhaustion on nylon, wool and silk
and the fastness properties were very good.
In this work, Pentaclethra macrophylla (African Oil 1. Serious emphasis
Bean) seed oil (PMSO) was evaluated as a potential
should be place to find
feedstock for biodiesel .The oil quality parameter of
more reliable,
PMSO such as moisture content, oil yield, specific
economical and
gravity, viscosity, refractive index, pH, acid value,
sustainable feedstock
iodine value, peroxide and saponification values
for biodiesel production
were determined and found to be: 7.14%, 53.20%,
especially from less
known/unknown seed
0.9004, 11.80 - 12.10mm2/s, 1.4625, 6.55, 0.47mg
oil plant.
NaOHIg of oil, 116g/100g oil, 0.16meqlkg and
176mg KOH/g respectively. Methyl and ethyl esters 2. Research work should
be carried out to
of
PMSO
were
produced
by standard
ascertain whether the
transesterification procedure using KOH as Catalyst,
quality of biodiesel
Cetane number and higher heating values were
produced from
calculated based on estimated Iodine and
pentaclethra
Saponification values. Other fuel properties such as
macrophylla can be
Viscosity, density, flash point, Cloud point, pour
improved upon by
point, acid number and specific gravity were
blending with other
determined and compared with that of soy oil fatty
biodiesel oils that were
acid methyl ester (SFAME) and ethyl ester (SFAEE)
studied and/or with
and Diesel fuel (D2). The linoleic acid (unsaturated
petroldiesel.
fatty acid) of methyl ester (55.68%) and ethyl ester
(33.45%) of PMSO dominates the fatty acid profile. 3. Research work relating
to biodegradability,
The
results
obtained
indicate
biochemical oxygen
that PMSO appears to be an acceptable feedstock for
demand, chemical
biodiesel production.
oxygen demand and
toxicity of pentaclethra
macrophylla biodiesel
should also be carried
out.
34.
CHUKWU
CHUKWUM
A JOSEPH
PGS/
20052006/
4020252
PHYSICAL,
MECHANICAL
AND PLASTIC
PROPERTIES OF
SOME NIGERIAN
COALS
DECEM
BER,
2010
It is well known that Nigeria has a large deposit
of high grade iron ore but the reserves of suitable
coking coals for the blast furnace are extremely
meager necessitating the utilization of low rank
coals to the maximum extent possible. In this
work, the properties of three Nigerian coals
(Onyeama, Lafia-Obi and Garin Mai-ganga), were
investigated to determine their suitability in
developing formed coke for use as a blast furnace
coke. Proximate analysis, x-ray fluorescence,
porosity, shatters index analysis and micum index
were done on both the raw coal and the semi-coke.
Results obtained revealed that the moisture
content of Onyeama, Lafia-Obi and Garin Maiganga coal are 3.03%, 2.93% and 6.35%
respectively with corresponding ash content of
the semi-coke as 25.10%, 28.54% and 42.01 % in
that order. Stability index revealed that the three
coal samples had 66.92%, 67.54% and 55.04% for
Onyeama, Lafia-Obi and Garin Mai-ganga
respectively. While +20 micum (I 2 o ) shows that
Onyeama,
Lafia-Obi
and
Garin
Maiganga have percentages of 43%, 41.3% and 30.7%
micum value respectively. Size consistency allows
35.
USHIE
ONUMASHI
AFI
PGS/
20052006/
4020264
EXTRACTION
AND ISOLATION
OF BIOACTIVE
COMPONENTS
FROM THE
LEAVES AND
STEM BARK OF
BORRERIA
VERTICILLATA
SEPTE
MBER,
2010
for good flow of gases through the charge. The
fluidity of the coal samples was insignificant and
thus characterizes non-coking behaviour. X-ray
fluorescence revealed high mineral matter content
with highest concentration of zinc and lead
(3.43% and 3.51%) for Onyeama, iron and silicon
(6.69% and 10.39%) for Lafia- Obi, while Garin
Mai-ganga had iron and silicon percentages of
8.70% and 7.46% respectively. Apparent porosity
shows that Onyeama has a value of 63 .07% while
Lafia- Obi and Garin Mai-ganga have values of
57.78% and 27.27% respectively. The results
obtained indicate that the coal samples were of
lower grade but could serve as a blend component
in formed coke for use in blast furnace.
The method of cold marceration was used in the
extraction. The leaves and stem bark of Borreria
verticillata were prepared by soaking 100g of each
in 250 ml hexane for four days and filtered,
concentrated by evaporation, dried and weighed.
The procedure was repeated with ethyl acetate,
acetone chloroform and methanol in order of
polarity. The presence of some phytochemicals
were screened from hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone,
chloroform and methanol extract the leaves and
stem bark. The results obtained reveal the
presence of terpenes in all the exracts of the
It is recommended
that further work should
be done on orreria vertic
illata plant to determine
the following:
* To carry out the
antimicrobial activity of
modified extracts of
Borreria
verticillata
leaves and stem bark
*
Anti-allergic,
antiinflammatory, anti-tumor
and anti-cancer activities
of Borreria vertic illata
leaves and stem bark. Flavonoids are
present in all the extracts except ethyl extract of
leaves extract and were detected in hexane,
chloroform and ethyl acetone and extracts of the
stem bark. Tannin is revealed to be present in
chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts of the
leaves, but was not detected in any of the stem
bark extract. Steroid was detected in chloroform
and ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves and
acetone extract of the stem bark. Terpenes were
detected in all the extracts of the leaves and stem
bark. Glycosides are present in chloroform extract
only of the leaves and stem bark. Cardiac
glycosides is detected in all the extracts of stem
bark and hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate
extracts of the leaves. Saponins is detected in all
the extracts of stem bark except that of acetone
and in hexane, chloroform and acetone extract of
leaves. The quantitative determination of
secondary metabolites indicates that the leaves
contained higher percentage of both flavonoid and
saponins (4.0 & 2.25%) than the stem bark
(2.1&1.55%). The antimicrobial activities of the
extracts were tested against some clinical isolates
Escherichia
coli,
Staphylococcus
aerus,
Salmonella tyhpi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus
leaves and stem bark
* Inhibiting activities of
HIV
replication
of
Borreria vertic illata
leaves and stem bark.
* Antioxidant activity of
leaves and stem bark
Borreria verticillata.
* Characterization of the
leaves and stem bark
using NMR spectroscopic
method.
* Extract, isolate, and
characterize the active
components from the root
of Borreria verticillata
* Determine the quantity
of detected secondary
metabolites in the root
extracts
of
Borreria
verticillata
* Confirm or disprove the
efficacy of the root
Borreria vertic illata by
evaluating the antifungal
and antibacterial
activities.
36.
UMAR
SADISU
FAROUK
PGS/
20012002/
401054
SCREENING FOR
AFLATOXIN
FROM MILLET
(PENNISETUM
DECEM
BER,
2010
spp. The minimum inhibitory activity (MIC) of
the leaves and stem bark extracts of Borreria
verticillata against tested microbes ranges from
200 to 100 mg/ml in almost all the extracts and in
few instance 50mg/ml against the tested
organisms; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus,
Salmonella
tyhpi,
Pseudomonas
aeroginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger,
Rhizopus spp.. Active components of n-Hexane,
chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Borreria
vericillata leaves were subjected to thin layer
chromatography technique for identification of the
number of compounds present in each extract for
isolation and purification of the compounds. The
purified column chromatographic fractions were
tested for antimicrobial activity and reveals that
ethyl acetate fractions (LEAF1-LEAF4), hexane
fractions (LHF1-LHF3), and chloroform (LCF1LCF3) strongly inhibited the growth of
Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa Ccandida albican .. This
justifies the claims by the traditional healers that
the Borreria verticillata leaves are used to cure
some illness.
A total of 100 millet samples and another 100
maize samples were purchased from Dawanau
grain market in Kano at guided random. Both the
TYPHOIDIUM)
AND MAIZE (ZEA
MAYS) GRAINS
AND THE EFFECT
OF DEHULLING
ON THE
AFLATOXIN
millet and maize were divided into batches. One
batch was left intact while the other was dehulled.
The treatment was performed in order to find out
the effects of dehulling on the aflatoxin content of
the samples. The samples were subjected to fungal
isolations in order to find out the species of fungi
associated with them. The results were subjected
to statistical analyses using the analysis of
variance (ANOVA). There was no significant
difference in the fungal load of the intact grains.
A flavus was isolated from them. This was
confirmed through the appearance of a blue
fluorescence light characteristic of aflatoxin B
when passed through ultra-violet (uv) light.
However, A. species were not isolated from the
dehulled grains. The other species of fungi
isolated from them included Penicillium, A. niger
and A. fumigatus. The spot where the blue
fluorescence was produced was carefully scraped
and preserved in chloroform (in vial bottles) for
further analysis at the National Research
Institute and Chemical Technology (NARJCT),
Zaria. The preserved aflatoxin containing samples
were further subjected to infrared analysis and
such revealed the presence of aflatoxin B1in each
sample. It appeared that the dehulling treatment
affected the aflatoxin content of the aflatoxin
37.
PUTSHAK’A
DANLADI
JULIUS
PGS/
20052006/
4020253
PRODUCTION OF
ACTIVATED
CARBON FROM
LEATHER
WASTE,
SAWDUST AND
LIGNITE FOR
TREATMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL
EFFLUENT
JUNE,
2010
contaminated grains. The implications of the
results obtained have been discussed.
Powdered activated carbons (PAC) were
prepared from leather buffing waste, sawdust and
lignite by carbonization at temperatures of 500 800°C followed by steam activation. Experimental
results reveal a general decrease in yield of carbon
residue with increase in temperature of
carbonization. Samples of lignite recorded the
highest yield (49.80 - 67.70%) followed by leather
buffing dust (30.70 - 39.70%) and sawdust (25.10
- 37.20%). Activated carbon from these precursors
was also evaluated for percentage ash, fixed
carbon, pH and bulk density. Adsorption studies
carried out with methylene blue indicated that low
temperature carbonization of precursors such as
leather buffing waste favour production of carbon
with better adsorption activity while high
temperature carbonization produced carbon with
better activity from sawdust and lignite. Activated
carbon from sawdust and leather buffing waste
showed results which compare favourably with
the reference carbon used. Data corresponding to
the adsorption of methylene blue onto the best
activated carbon produced (BD5) using the
Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm
model established the best fit with an R2value of
38.
HASHIMU
JIBRIN
GUNDA
PGS/
20052006/
4020261
EXTRACTION
AND ISOLATION
OF BIOACTIVE
COMPONENTS
FROM FLOWER
OF CASSIA ALATA
LINN
SEPTE
MBER,
2010
39.
DAHIRU
ADAMU
AJIYA
PGS/2005
-2006/
4020265
EXTRACTION
AND
CARBONISATION
PRUDUCTS OF
JULY,
2011
0.991
and
0.989
respectively.
These
carbonsources can be recommended for use in the
treatment of municipal wastes water, adsorption of
dyes or decolourization of organic compounds and
other substances, in aqueous solutions.
Cassia alata linn is one of the plants in tropical
countries that have been reported to be very useful
in curing bacterial and fungal infections. The
Cassia alata linn flower was extracted sequentially
with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone,
ethanol and water using soxhlet extractor. The
crude extracts were investigated for antibacterial
and antifungal activity. The Phytochemical
screening reveal the presence of saponnins and
flavonoids from the ethylacetate, acetone,
ethanol and watar extracts while anthraquinones
were found present in the petroleum ether and
ethylacetate extracts. Silica gel column
chromatography of the ethanol extract affords two
fractions which exhibit antimicrobial activity
against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida
albicans. IR analysis of these fractions reveals the
presence of aldehyde, benzene and secondary
alcohol functional groups.
A lignite coal from Garin Maiganga was
subjected to solvent extraction and carbonization.
The extracts and tar were separated by silica-gel
GARIN MAIGANG
LIGNITE
40.
AMINU,
HAFSAT
KABIR
PGS/
20052006/
4020254
adsorption chromatography into aliphatics,
aromatics and polar fractions. The various extracts
were characterized by Gas Chromagraphy-Mass
Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Infra Red (I.R)
spectroscopy to reveal the coal composition. The
coal extracts and carbonisation products (tar) were
found to contain 22 aliphatic compounds, 11
aromatics and 26 Nitrogen, Sulphur and Oxygen
(NSO) compounds. All the identified compounds
are from C4-C34, and in different configurations.
The significant presence of aromatic compounds
indicates ring structures in various stages of
aromatisation. Moreover, the absence of
condensed polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
indicates that the rings are in the intermediate
phase during the coal substance formation.
AUGUST, This work was conceived with an aim to ease the
SEPARATION OF
2011
problems associated with paraffin wax production from
PARAFFIN WAX
crude oil such as the use of very high temperature and
FROM CRUDE OIL
very low temperature regimes. Urea was used in
USING UREA
separating paraffin wax from crude oil using urea
ADDUCTION
adduction process and the effectiveness of the process
PROCESS
assessed. In urea dewaxing process, the distillate
charge stock was mixed with an organic solvent
(toluene) and urea to form solid n-paraffin-urea adduct.
The adducts were separated from the dewaxed oil and
the n-paraffin recovered by decomposition of the
separated adducts. Urea was able to incorporate nparaffin (which is of relatively small cross sectional
area) into its crystal structure. Bulkier molecules, such
as aromatics, naphthenes and isoparaffins were
excluded for steric reasons. Quality assessment of the
recovered n-paraffinwax revealed that it has a specific
gravity of 0.78, flash point of 195°C, congealing point
of 50°C and melting point of 58°C, all falling within
the standard specified for a paraffin wax. GC-MS and
FT - IR runs of the recovered paraffin wax were used
in confirming its identity and composition. Cost
analysis of the urea adduction in comparison with the
MEK process suggests that urea adduction is
economically more viable. This combined together
suggests that urea adduction may be a more viable
alternative method for separating paraffin from crude
oil.
41.
SHANU
BUBA
USMAN
PGS/
20012002/
402056
PHYSICAL
JULY,
PROPERTIES AND
2011
TRACE ELEMENT
CONTENT OF SOME
NIGERIAN COALS
Four coal samples of the Benue trough, North
East Nigeria were studied for both physical
parameters and some trace metal elements,
including some heavy metals. The American
Society for testing and Material (ASTM)
proximate analysis of coals and cokes D3172-739,
( 1980) was applied for physical parameters, while
energy
dispersive
X-ray
fluorescence
spectroscopy ( ED-XRF) a versatile cheap, fast
and reliable analytical tool was employed for the
elements, a method with proven reliability and
application in effective and simultaneous means
of tracing these elements in feed coals , and coal
combustion products. The presence and
concentration of the elements in samples from
Okaba, Chikila, Lafiya/Obi and lamja would
determine the general and specific environmental
challenge their combustion could course in
immediate vicinity of a thermo electric plant
where they could serve as feedstock for power
generation. Proximate analysis revealed two
patterns, moisture and volatile matter content
showed the same trend; Lafiya/Obi < Lamja<
Chikila< Okaba, with moisture being 2.82%
lowest and 9.46% highest whereas volatile matter
indicated 27.40% and 46.42% for the lowest and
highest respectively. A reversal of trend was
observed with respect to Ash contents and percent
fixed carbon, Okaba being the least in both
11,36% and 32.76% respectively. Lafiya/Obi
indicated the highest Ash content of 23.69%, a
high mineral matter content, possibly due to
associated mineral clays which justify the solid
mineral mining activity in the area. All four
samples were characterized by significant
presence of silicates and iron oxides both values
peaking in Lafiya/Obi located in the centre of the
trough, close to central Nigeria. Trace of
phosphorus was observed in Chikila coal samples
at the north - Eastern edge of the belt, while trace
of Barium and Gold was discovered in Okaba coal
samples being at the southern tip of the trough. All
samples indicated significant amounts of volatile
matter, an indication of a good potential for
42.
ADAMU
AUWAL
MAHMOUD
PGS/
20052006/
4020259
OXIDATIVE
STRESS LEVELS
AND
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
METALLIC AND
METALLOENZYMATIC
MARKERS OF
ANTIOXIDANT
ACTIVITY IN
PATIENTS
AWAITING
SURGERY.
industrial steam rising and as such are
recommended as feeds tocks for thermal power
plants. It is also indicative of a potential source of
petrochemical's .The coals from Chikila need to be
pretreated before being applied in any thermal
process, due to current environmental concerns,
there is also a hint of a good source of plant
nutrients in the combustion products of these
coals.
MARCH, In this work we assayed the serum level of
2011
malondialdehyde (MOA) an oxidative stress
biomarker and serum activity of superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase and the serum
concentration of four redox- active metals, Fe, Cu,
Zn and manganese in some selected surgical
disease conditions. The aim was to explore the
nature of the relationship between these metals as
well as the antioxidants and oxidative stress levels
before and after surgical intervention comparing it
with a control group of healthy individual. MDA
concentration was significantly elevated (p <0.05)
in Acute Appendicitis (AAP) (190.00 ± 3.49umol)
before surgery compared to their control
counterparts (185.15 ± 3.11umol). Serum iron was
found to be significantly lower in AAP before
surgery (0.38 ±0.15 mg/l) compared to its level in
the control group (0.64±0.06 mg/I) p < 0.05.
Significant difference was found in the serum SOD
43.
DAZUNG
DATOEGOE
M ELIAS
PGS/
20012002/
402052
X-RAY
FLUORESCENCE,
GAS
CHROMATOGRAPH
IC ANALYSES AND
LIQUEFACTION
POTENTIAL OF
JULY,
2011
activity between the control group (25.45 ±
1.57umol) and the pre-surgical patients (16.90 ±
1.01umol), p <0.05. Stronger relationship also
exist between MDA and SOD before surgery (r =
-0.564 in US, -0.600 in AAP) relative to the control
group (r = -0.139) P >0.05 for all the correlation
values. These results indicate the existence of an
elevated oxidative stress (malondialdehyde) levels
and decreased enzymatic antioxidant (SOD and
catalase) activities in all the patients. The nature of
the non-significant linear relationships existing
between oxidative stress (MDA) and the
concentration of
zinc, copper, iron and
manganese found in this study raises the
postulation that these metals do not act
individually, but rather in synergy with other
cellular factors such as the nature of the amino
acids at the active sites of antioxidant
metalloenzymes and their protein-bound stores in
modulating the oxidative stress level in both
normal individuals and surgical patients.
This study was carried out to assess the qualities
of three Nigerians coals namely, Okaba, Lafia-obi
and Lamja for liquefaction potential and other
applications such as coke making. This would
provide an alternative means of producing
enu nusuCnif enk M
sfeete u iCnncue er ofcs
soeeh oe CsiunoCcr ofu
eofun OcauncCr ieCts cr
eneun oe iemu cof ofu
crinuCscra eupCre hen
THREE NIGERIAN
COALS
transportation fuels from coal in order to cope
with the increasing demand from petroleum
products. Proximate, x-ray fluorescence, gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and
Infrared spectroscopic techniques were used in
analyzing the coal samples. Proximate analysis of
the coal samples revealed that Lafia-obi has the
lowest moisture, volatile matter and highest fixed
carbon contents followed by Okaba and Lamja.
The volatile matter and fixed carbon contents
places Lafia-Obi as a high volatile bituminous
coal while Okaba and Lamja were subbituminous. The results of x-ray fluorescence
analysis from the coal samples confirmed the
presence of major elemental oxides such as
A12O3, SiO2, Fe2 O3, TiO2, CaO, K2O and total
sulphur. This result indicate that it was a quick
method of assessing coal for mineral and total
sulphur contents required for liquefaction purpose.
Furthermore, the GC-MS and IR analyses of the
coal extracts revealed the presence of aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons that could be refined into
transportation fuels. The overall results showed
that Lafia-Obi could be used for liquefaction as
well as coke making because of its maturity while
Okaba and Lamja could be useful for liquefaction
only.
onCrsmenoCocer heuts. fcs
pCh u messc tu scriu
OcauncC fCnu tCnau
eumescos eh ieCt ofCo Cnu
coepcrees -pesoth se
Cnu peso tckuth Cre
secoC tu hen tcoeuhCiocer
mneiussus
44.
FAWOLE
OLUSHOLA
ISAIAH
CHARLES
PGS/
20062007/
4020266
PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL FROM
MORINGA
OLEIFERA SEED
MARCH,
2011
Methyl and ethyl esters were prepared from the
extracted Moringa oleifera seed oil by
homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification for
evaluation as Biodiesel fuels. M. oleiefra seed
exhibited an oil yield of 49 ± 7% and moisture
content was 6 ± 0.7%. The parameters of the
extracted M. oleifera seed oil revealed an iodine
value of 81 ± 0.3; specific gravity, 0.9; kinematic
viscosity, 59mm2/s; free fatty acid (as % oleic
acid), 1.4 ± 0.01; acid value (mgNaOH/goil), 3 ±
0.02 and saponification value (mgKOH/goil), 158
± 0.13. Major fatty acid composition present for
the M. oleifera seed oil were high content of
oleic acid, 79%; lauric acid, 5%; nonadecanoic
acid, 16% and traces of docosanoic acid. The
physio-chemical properties of the fatty acid
methyl and ethyl esters were further analyzed. M.
oleifera oil methyl ester (MOME): iodine value
(gI2/100g), 10 ± 0.08; acid value (mg NaOH/g),
0.3 ± 0.005; free fatty acid (as % oleic acid), 0.2 ±
0.005 and saponification value (mgKOH/g), 193 ±
1.2 M. oleifera oil ethyl ester (MOEE): iodine
(gI2/100g), 10.2 ± 0.06; acid value (mgNaOH/g),
0.3 ± 0.05; free fatty acid (as oleic acid ), 0.2 ±
0.002 and saponification value (mgKOH/g), 194 ±
0.4. In other to further assess the Biodiesel fuels
performance properties. MOME, fuel properties
It is in this light that the
following further works
are recommended on the
production of Biodiesel
from M oleifera seed.
(i) Setting up a pilot
scale
production
plant
for
the
biodiesel and to
study the optimum
process and its cost
effectiveness of the
process.
(ii) The need to carry-out
an engine test of the
biodiesel produced.
(iii)
Since
solvent
extraction used for oil
seed processing pose
environmental
problems, the use of
enzymes
in
oil
extraction can be
thoroughly
scrutinized.
(iv) The term "brake
specific" is used to
designate
quantities
that
have
been
normalized
by
dividing by the engine
power. Thus, brake
specific
fuel
assayed were specific gravity, 0.8; kinematic
viscosity (mm2/s), 3.9; cloud point, 2°C; pour
point, 1°C; flash point, 132°C and cetane index,
70. MOEE: specific gravity, 0.9; kinematic
viscosity, 4mm2 /s; cloud point, 4°C; pour point,
3°C; flash' point, 136 and cetane index, 61.
However, for the fatty acid methyl ester profile,
methyl oleate (38%) was a suitable major
component present. Also, ethyl oleate (31 %)
indicated a high percentage for the fatty acid ethyl
ester profile. All research data were under the
specifications of ASTM D6571 and EN 14214
standards.
45.
SALLAU
ALHASSAN
A.
PGS/
2006-07/
4020275
CHEMICAL
MONITORING OF
MUNICIPAL
SOLID WASTE
DUMPSITE SOIL
FOR
ENVRONMENTAL
QUALITY: A
CASE STUDY OF
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS
October,
2011
Study on elemental composition of soils at dump
sites was conducted by analyzing samples of soil
at 4 different dumpsites located within Bauchi
metropolis. The soil physicochemical parameters
(particle size distribution, pH, electrical
conductivity, organic matter, moisture content,
total nitrogen, available potassium, available
phosphorus, available sulphur and cation
exchange capacity) and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni,
Cr, Co, Cd, Pb, As, Cu and Zn) concentrations
were determined for soil samples obtained at 015cm depth using a DR 2000 UV
spectrophotometer. Strong correlation exits
consumption
of
MOME and MOEE
should be studied.
46.
GYE
DANLADI
JATAU
PGS/
20052006/
4020262
FLAMMABILITY
OF BRIQUETTES
FROM LAFIA-OBI
AND CHIKILIA
COALS
JULY,
2011
between some physicochemical parameters and
heavy metals; however only in few cases were the
correlation significant at either a=0.05 or a=O.Ol
levels.
The
dumpsite
parameters
were
significantly different from those obtained for
control sites at a=0.05 levels. Also the parameters
determine in each of the selected dumpsites were
significantly different at a=0.05 level. The
intensity of heavy metals pollution was strong at
Wunti and Federal low-cost site in terms of
arsenic, cobalt, chromium, lead, cadmium and
nickel. These suggested that solid waste dumpsite
contributes to heavy metals contamination of the
environment.
This work was designed to produce combustible
materials (briquettes) for use as a domestic or
industrial fuel. Briquettes were produced from
Lafia-Obi (LO) coal char, Chikila(CHA) coal
char, Charcoal(CHA), sawdust (SD), and also
from char/sawdust blends using starch (cassava
flour) paste as binder. In one of the formulations
potassium nitrate was added to the briquettable
mixtures while the other was not nitrated. The
briquettes were analyzed for: proximate,
ignitability and f1ammability. Results obtained
show that on addition of nitrate, the moisture
content for the briquettes e.g. for sawdust
decreased from 4.25% to 4.0%, while the calorific
values for the char briquettes decreased as in
Chikila from 5.20 Kcal/g to 4.65Kcal/g with its
fixed carbon values decreasing from 48.22% to
41.31 %. The ash content for the char briquettes
and their blends were viz; charcoal briquettes
increased from 36.54% to 38.42%. Also observed,
that the volatile matter for the char briquettes for
Lafia- Obi increased from 11.51 % to 16.63% but
the values decreased for sawdust from 79.22% to
72.35%. The ignition time of nitrated briquettes
was observed to be lower than the un-nitrated.
Flammability (or rate of burning) of nitrated
briquettes was shown to be higher than un-nitrated
briquettes. As the amount of nitrate in the
briquette increased the time taken for the briquette
to ignite (ignition time) continued to decrease and
rate of burning increased. It showed that it takes
less time for the nitrated briquettes to ignite and
also burn faster. It was observed that nitrate
enhances the ignitability and flammability of the
briquettes, and that nitrated briquettes also burn
with less green house gas emission, less smoke
and saves time for use at home and industries as it
readily ignite and burn for a longer period without
quenching. Such briquettes are safer to use and
handle.
47.
MOHAMMED
ABU
PGS/
20052006/
4020263
COMPARATIVE
STUDIES OF
FREUNDLICH AND
LANGMUIR
ISOTHERMS FOR
ADSORPTION AND
DESORPTION OF
ORGANOCHLORINE
HERBICIDES IN
FADAMA SOILS IN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS
48.
BAKJI
GOMEREP
PGS/2005
-2006/
4020258
EVALUATION AND
RESPONSES OF
PLANT (Zea Mays)
TO SOIL
MICRONUTRIENTS
TOXICITY
OCTOBER
2011
Laboratory experiment were conducted to
determine the adsorption by soil and desorption by
Calcium Chloride solvent of paraquat (1,
1-Dimethyl-4 , 4-biphyridiumdichloride) and
2,4-D (2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in
Fadama soil sample from Bauchi metropolis. The
experiments were conducted with herbicide
concentrations of 5ppm, l0ppm, 15ppm, 20ppm,
25ppm and 30ppm respectively, UV spectrophotometer was used to determine the
equilibrium concentrations of paraquat and 2,4-D
at a wavelength of 257nm and 285nm
respectively. The data obtained were used to plot
Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The study
found that, there is no significant difference
between the amount of paraquat and 2,4-D
adsorbed at 5% confidence level. The study also
found that, there is a significant difference
between
the
amount
of paraquat and 2, 4-D desorbed at 5% confidence
level.
OCTOBER
, 2011
Green-house experiment was conducted on zea mays
(spp) planted on sandy and loamy soils to determine
the toxic levels of Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Cu2+ and Fe2+ in
the leaf of seedling of the zea mays in the two soils.
This was achieved by applying 250cm3 of l0ppm,
50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm and 500ppm of
1. Similar research should
be carried out on boron,
molybdenum, nickel and
colbalt to ascertain their
toxic levels at seedling
stages.
2. more research should
Zn2+, Mn2+ , Cu2+ and Fe2+ at intervals until toxic
level was indicated through change in color of the
leaves. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)
was used to extract the micronutrients in the soils
and the concentrations were evaluated using atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) while the
concentrations of the micronutrients in leaves were
also determined using AAS. The concentration of
the micronutrients in leaves in the two soils at toxic
levels were: 250-260ppm Zn2+ applied in sandy soil,
175 - 200ppm Zn2+ applied in loamy soil, 37.24 55.90PPm Cu2+ applied in sandy soil, 35.3245.25ppm Cu2+ applied in loamy soiI 290-320ppm,
Mn 2+ applied in sandy soil, 255ppm Mn2+ applied
in loamy soil and 420-700ppm Fe2+ applied in
sandy soil, 450ppm Fc2+ applied in loamy soil. The
results were statistically treated using t-test to
determine the significant difference in the uptake of
the micronutrients by the zea mays in the two soils
(sandy and loamy). Of all the leaves under study,
those grown on loamy soils had lower plant uptake
factor of the micronutrients due to high organic
matter contents.
49.
JESSICAH A.
CHUP
PGS/
05-06/
4020257
MARCH,
OXIDATIVE
2011
STRESS LEVELS
AND
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
METALLIC AND
METALLOENZYM
ATIC MARKERS
OF ANTIOXIDANT
Free radical mediated oxidative stress has been
implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as
asthma, atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes etc.
Proteins and lipids are among the prime targets.
The study evaluated the level of oxidative stress
by estimating the concentration of lipid
peroxidation product (MDA) the activities of
be carried on zea mays at
grain filling stage to help
asses the level these
micronutrients. Since
toxic level of the
micronutrients constitute
health hazard to human.
ACTIVITY IN
TYPE I AND II
DIABETIC
PATIENTS
superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase and the
concentration of trace metals, Fe, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn
that serve as active sites of metaloenzymes. The
data was analyzed using stratigraphics software all
values shown as mean ± SEM, the statistical
analyses were performed by ANOVA, followed
by student test where P<0.05 was considered as
statistically significant. From the results there was
a significant difference in the Cu (0. 122mg/I), Fe
(0.268mg/l) Zn (0.493mg/l) with an insignificant
difference in Cr (0.105mg/1) and Mn(O.OOO
13mg/l) between type I diabetes and controls.
However the concentrations of Cu, Fe higher and
Cr and Zn lower while Mn remained almost
constant in type I diabetes. In type II diabetes Cu,
Fe and Cr where higher. Zn lower and Mn normal.
SOD activity was significantly low in both type I
and II but much lower in type II diabetes. The
catalase activity was also lower in both types or
diabetes but much lower in type II. There was also
a significant difference in MDA in both type I and
II. The result suggests that diabetes may be
associated with altered metal and antioxidant
status regard - less of the type of diabetes. The
activities of these antioxidants lowered could not
prevent the formation of highly aggressive ROS
such as peroxynitic or hydroxyl radicals.
50.
UMAR,
ALHAJI
MUHAMMAD
PGS/
20062007/
4020283
EXTRACTION,
CHARACTERIZATION
AND PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL FROM
SWEET MELON
(cucumis melo) SEED
OIL
FEB.,
2012
In this research work, Cucumis melo seed oil was
extracted with n - hexane using Soxhlet apparatus, and
the physio-chemical properties of the oil was
evaluated. The quality parameter of Cucumis melo
seed oil were found to be as follows: Oil yield
(50.12%), moisture content (5.3%), iodine value
(51.56g/100g), acid value (0.96 mgKOH/Kg), peroxide
value
(95meq/kg),
mg/KOH/g),
pH
Saponificaton
value
(6.02),
value
(206.6
specific
gravity
2
(0.903g/ml), viscosity (14.33mm /sec), and infractive
index (1.488). The extracted oil was transesterified to
biodiesel using both KOH and NaOH as catalyst. Fuel
quality parameters
of the
methyl
esters were
determined and also found to be as follows: Acid value
(0.96 mgKOH/kg) viscosity (13.22mm/s2), specific
gravity (0.8904), pour point (4°C), cloud point (3°C),
flash point (210°C), higher heating value (40.19mJ/kg)
and cetane number (34.45). The Cucumis melo seed,
seed oil and biodiesel trace metals concentration were
determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry (ICP - AES) and the results
were obtained as follows; Cucumis melo seed Cu (7.32
), Fe (151.2), Zn (207.7), Mn (29.12), Pb (0.05), K
(13.86), Ca (52.13) and Na (77.08) mg/kg respectively.
The seed oil metal concentration was: Cu (0.776), Fe
(6.484), Zn (173.2), Mn (16.48), Pb (0.05), K (4.476),
Ca (195.3) and Na (17.27) mg/kg respectively. While
the metals content of methyl esters for both NaOH and
KOH catalyzed were: Cu (0.708), Zn (80.32), Mn
(7.258), Pb (0.024), Co (ND), K (5.12), Na (3.38) .The
fuel quality parameters of the biodiesel obtained
compared to others and ASTMD standards showed
strong possibilities for its usage as biodiesel;.
Similarly, the metal concentrations of the oil and
biodiesel indicate that with little modifications the oil
and its methyl esters can be used as biodiesel. The high
saponificaton value of the oil shows potential
possibility as usage in soap making.
51.
EBIEGA
GRACE
PGS/
20062007/
4020273
BIODIESEL
POTENTIAL OF
WATER MELON
(CITRULLUS
VULGARIS) SEED
OIL
AUGUST,
2012
The oil of the seed of water melon (Citrullus
vulgaris), CVSO was extracted sequentially using
petroleum ether. The physicochemical properties of
the oil determined were, moisture content (on dry
weight basis) which ranged between (4.71- 5.26%),
oil content which ranged between (56.50 - 65%), the
free fatty acid value (0.23%), acid value (0.46mg
NaOH/g), specific gravity (0.89/cm3), pH value
(6.00),
refractive
index
(1.47),
viscosity
(11.40mm2/sec), iodine value (88/100g), peroxide
value (13.20meq/kg), and the saponification value
was (173.91mgKOH/g). The fuel quality parameters
of CVSO methyl esters were found to be; cloud
point
(0°c)
for
both
KOH and NaOH catalyzed CVSO methyl esters,
flash point was (195°C) for methyl ester using KOH
catalyst and (202° C) for NaOH catalyzed methyl
ester, pour point was (2°C), for both methyl esters,
the density for KOH catalyzed methyl ester, was
(0.87g/cm3), and (0.86g/cm3) for NaOH catalyzed
methyl ester, and the viscosity for CVSO methyl
ester using either KOH or NaOH catalyst was
(6.22mm2/sec). The metal concentrations of water
melon seeds are; copper (0.025 ± 0.0005 mg/kg),
zinc (14.30 ± 0.0042 mg/kg), iron (2.750 ± 0.004
mg/kg), lead (0.035 ± 0.039 mg/kg), manganese
(0.364 ± 0.004 mg/kg), sodium (10.13 ± 0.0528
mg/kg) and potassium (48.88+ 0.0038 mg/kg). The
metal concentrations of water melon seed oil are:
copper (0.019 ± 0.006 mg/kg), zinc (2.288 ± 0.003
mg/kg), iron (0.322 ± 0.004 mg/kg), lead (0.019 ±
0.004 mg/kg), manganese (0.017 ± 0.005 mg/kg),
sodium 10.12 ± 0.003 mg/kg) and potassium (0.586
± 0.00 mg/kg). The metal concentrations of CVSO
methyl ester using KOH catalyst are: copper (0.002
± 0.005 mg/kg), zinc (1.08 ± 0.003 mg/kg) iron
(0.056 ± 0.001 mg/kg), lead (0.013±0.0.044 mg/kg).
manganese (0.014 ± 0.0.002 mg/kg), sodium (1.120
± 0.0360 mg/kg) and potassium (0.170+ 0.066
mg/kg). While the metal concentrations of CVSO
methyl ester using NaOH catalyst are: copper (0.003
± 0.004 mg/kg), zinc (0.750 ± 0.017 mg/kg), iron
(0.057+ O.OO mg/kg), lead (0.016 ± 0.023 mg/kg),
manganese (0.036±0.060 mg/kg), sodium (1.730 ±
0.050 mg/kg) and potassium (0.016 ± 0.016 mg/kg).
The fuel properties of CVSO methyl esters are
similar to those of rape seed, soya bean and
sunflower biodiesel, and hence the refined,
chemically processed and degummed CVSO
biodiesel, can be used to run compression ignition
engines since the problem of chocking and metal
concentrations has been overcome.
52.
ABDULKADIR
LABARAN
MAGASHI
PGS/
2006-2007/
4020272
THE EFFECTS OF
FUNGAL GROWTH
ON THE OIL
QUALITY
PARAMETERS OF
CANARIUM
SCHWEINFURTHII
ENGL SEED OIL
NOVE
MBER,
2012
The Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Seeds were
exposed to fungal contaminations and the fungi
involved were identified. Oil from the seeds
extracted by soxhlet extraction method using
petroleum ether as a solvent. On dry matter basis,
the oil content was found to be between 37.7842.50%. The changes in some physical and
chemical
characteristics
of
canarium
schweinfurthii Engl seed oil on fungal growth
were investigated. The physical evaluation of the
oil was based on texture, colour and ordour, where
as chemical evaluation was based on iodine value
(IV), Saponification value (SV), peroxide value
(PV), acid value (A V) and free fatty acid (FFA).
The experimental results show variations in
physical and chemical characteristics with fungal
growth duration. The IV values ranges between
13.50- 88.12mg/g, SV ranges between 1l.22353.43 mgKOH/g, PV ranges between 10-30
Meq/kg, AV ranges between 12.58-180.7
mg/KOH and FFA ranges between 6.32-90.80
mg/KOH. The IV values suggest that the
mesocarp's oil is non-drying (80 - 120mg/g). The
fungal activities affect the oil by increasing the
non-drying property of the oil (IV values
53
RYEMSHAK
SOLOMON
AKILA
PGS/
20082009/
4020290
TECHNOLOGICAL MAY,
APPLICATIONS
2012
OF SOME
NIGERIAN COALS
decreases with length of fungal inversion). The
antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the
infected seed oils extracted from Canarium
schweinfurthii Engl were evaluated against ten
strains of bacteria and four strains of fungi using
standard methods. The seed oils do not show any
activity against all the microbial strains studied.
Phytochemical screening of the seed oils for the
presence saponins and tannins were also carried
out and the result revealed their absence. The fatty
acid compositions of the seeds oil were
determined by GC-MS analysis. The GC-MS
analysis showed that the major fatty acid
constituents
are octadecanoic acids,
9Octadecenoic
acids,
nonadecanoic
acids,
heptadecanioc
acids,
hexadecanoic
acids,
tetradecanoic acids and eicosanoic acids. Various
analyses showed that the mesocarp oil is
composed mainly by C14, C16, C17, C18, C19
and C20 with low degree of unsaturation. The
fatty acid composition revealed that the degree of
unsaturation decreases with length of exposure to
fungal infections.
Coal is characterized in order to identify the end use
by a number of chemical, physical, physicochemical and petrographic properties. In this study,
proximate analysis of Tai, Garin Maiganga and
Shankodi-Jangwa coals were carried out in which
moisture was 9.61 %,5.51 % and 1.33 %; volatile
matter was 45.11 %,40.53 % and 17.37 %; ash was
23.40 % 20.42 % and 17.37 % while fixed carbon
was 24.11 %, 34.75 % and 57.57 % respectively.
The result revealed that only Shankodi-Jangwa coal
has some coking properties. The fluid / plastic
properties of the coals were also investigated by
physico- chemical test and the result shows that
only Shankodi-Jangwa coal has crucible number of
3.0, temperature range of 107, maximum fluidity
(DDPM) of 300 and a dilatometric G - value of
0.96, indicating that it is a low plastic and medium
coking coal. It can be best harnessed if blended with
strongly coking, low ash, low sulphur and high fluid
coal (i.e. if the temperature ranges overlap). The
Shankodi-Jangwa coal had the highest percentage of
1.63 % sulphur above the maximum limit of 1 % for
most applications while Tai coal was 0.74 % and
Garin Maiganga coal was 0.88 %. The elemental
composition of carbon and hydrogen were
calculated using modified Dulong's formula (i.e.
Seylers formulae). The result which had elemental
carbon above 75 % in all the coal samples could be
used for liquefaction to produce synthetic crude oil
and tar. It also revealed that Shankodi-Jangwa coal
would favour hydro gasification for the production
of methane, while Garin Maiganga and Tai coals
were considered to have potentials for gas
extraction. Classification of the Tai, Garin
Maiganga and Shankodi-Jangwa coals using the
International Standard Organization (ISO) chart
revealed that the ISO code numbers are 900,800 and
622 respectively.
54.
OKEKE
CHIOMA
UDOKA
PGS/2008
-2009/
4020287
PHYTOEXTRACTI
ON OF HEAVY
METALS IN
CONTAMINATED
AUTOMOBILE
SITES WITHIN
BAUCHI
METROPOLIS
MARCH,
2012
The need to reduce metal contaminants in soils,
using an approach that will ensure that the
contaminants are managed in an environmentally
accepted, yet cost effective way is very
paramount. The accumulation and partitioning of
Cd, Cr. Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn in three plants species
(Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, and
Tamarindus indica) growing on two automobile
contaminated sites (Dass park(DP) and Mechanic
village(MV)) and one control site (BACASS) in
Bauchi Metropolis were therefore studied, using
the AAS, in order to find out their phytoextraction
potentials. Tamarindus indica accumulated the
highest amount of Cu (DP=97.67mg/kg MV=
111.62mg/kg). ANOVA results showed that
significant differences in the metals studied
existed among some of the aerial parts of the
studied plants. The order of the weighted
translocation ratio from the root to leaves in the
study was: Cd > Zn > Pb > Mn >Cr>Cu while for
the bark, the order was: Cd>Cr>Pb>Mn>Zn>Cu.
The concentration factor (CF) for Cd was in the
order: A. indica = C. procera> T.indica. For Cr, it
was C. procera> A. indica>T. indica. CF for Cu
followed the order: T.indica >A. indica'>
C. procera. For Pb, the CF was in the order:
55.
AFUKWANDU
FLORENCE
NNEKA
PGS/
20062007/
4020294
BIOACCUMULATION
OF SOME HEAVY
METALS IN PLANT
MATERIALS FOUND
IN THE VICINITY OF
DUMPSITES IN JOS
METROPOLIS
MARCH,
2013
C.procera>T. indica> A.indica The order changed
to C.procera> A. indica= T.indica for Mn while
the CF for Zn in the various trees did not differ.
All the metals except Zn, tend to accumulate
mostly on the barks and roots of C.procera and
T. indica and would therefore decrease their
transfer probabilities to secondary consumers. The
heavy metal concentrations in the two mechanic
workshops were within the normal range in soils,
except Cd and Cr, showing that phytoextraction
can be used to reduce the migration of
contaminants in soils and underground water by
these plants species.
Trace heavy metal concentration in soils and
some plant materials ( Lettuce:.Lactusa sativa spp.
Spinach:Amaranthus
caudatus
spp,
and
Leek:AlIium anipleloprasum spp) grown near
dumpsites
in the vicinity of Jos metropolis (Zaria road and
Gangare) was evaluated to ascertain their levels of
pollution and hioaccumulation abilities. Soil
analysis indicated that the accumulation of the
heavy metals studied (Co. Cr. Cu. Cd, As. Pb, Zn)
in Gangare was generally higher than those in
Zaria road, except for Cr and Cu (in Zaria road
dumpsite) and Cr (in Zaria road farm soi I). The
Geoaccumulation index (lgeo) result of the metals
56.
SARKINNOMA
AUWAL
PGS/
20062007/
4060267
ASSESSMENT OF
TRACE METAL
LEVELS IN
VEGTABLES
OBTAINED FROM
FARMS IRRIGATED
WITH SEWAGE
WATER IN BAUCHI
METROPOLIS
MARCH,
2013
in all the study site were between polluted to
moderate (Igeo= 0 -<2), except for Zn (Igeo=2.36)
and Cd (Igeo=2.51) in Gangare dumpsite. ANOV
A results indicated that significant difference
exists between some of the aerial parts of the
study plants. The Bioconcentration factor (BCF)
values for metals in Gangare spinach was in the
order: Cu (11.49) >Cd (7.67) >Co (4.73) >Cr
(3.04) > Pb (l.95) >Zn (1.44) > As (0.16). in Zaria
road spinach, the order was As (1.32) > Pb (1.03)
»Cu (0.97) > Zn (0.86) > Cr (0.73) > Co (0.33). In
Zaria road lettuce, Pb had-the highest BAF value
(1.41) while Cd had the lowest (0.39) BAF value
for As was highest in leek plants while the value
for Cu was least (i.e. 1.47 and 0.42 respccti vcl
yj.The values of soil and plants obtained are all
within the normal range of values in plants.It is
also worthy of note that they were below the
WHO permissive levels.
This study was carried out to investigate the
impact of sewage water on soil and vegetables
irrigated with such sewage along one of the major
drainage channels in Bauchi metropolis. Sewage
water, soils and vegetables were collected from
different sampling sites and analyzed for zinc,
copper, cadmium, lead, manganese, iron and
nickel using atomic absorption spectro-
photometry. The physicochemical parameters
(temperature,
pH,
electrical
conductivity,
hardness,
alkalinity,
nitrate-nitrogen
and
phosphate-phosphorus) determined in sewage
water were found to be within FAO/WHO
standard limit for irrigation water except for
electrical conductivity, hardness and nitratenitrogen. Trace metal concentrations in the water
samples was found to have exceeded the
recommended limit and follow the sequence Pb >
Ni > Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cd. The metal content
in the soil was below maximum limit in both the
study and control areas and followed the trend Fe>
Pb > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cd and Fe > Pb > Mn
> Cu > Ni > Cd respectively. In the three
vegetables studied, lead level was above the
permissible FAO/WHO limit and hence poses a
health risk to consumers. The trend of the metal
contents in the three environmental compartments
investigated in this study revealed the sequence
soil > vegetables> sewage water. Correlation
calculation between trace metals in soils and
vegetables gave positive correlation coefficient (a
= 0.01 and a = 0.05) except in some few cases,
where a negative correlation was obtained.
Calculation of transfer factor (T.F) showed that
tomato absorbed more trace metals through its
57.
DAUDA
BUTEH
SANDA
PGS/
20082009/
4020285
THE IMPACT
ASSESSMENT OF
CONTAMINATION
PATTERN OF SOLID
WASTE DUMPSITES
ON SOIL AND
LEACHATE: A
COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF BAUCHI
METROPOLIS
MARCH,
2013
roots from the soil followed by spinach and then
onion. Metal mobility in the vegetables follow the
trend Ni > Cd > Cu > Mn > Pb > Zn > Fe.
Heavy metal composition study of soils and
leachates at dumpsites were conducted by
analyzing samples of soils collected at 0-15cm
depth and leachates at four different dumpsites
sited
within
Bauchi
metropolis.
The
physicochemical parameters of the soil leachate
for example pH, Temperature, electrical
conductively,
organic
matter,
available
phosphorus, available sulphur, total dissolved
solids and organic carbon and heavy metals
cadmium,
chromium,
lead
and
copper
concentrations
were
determined
using
complexometric methods. The result of analysis
showed that the four dumpsites have the following
ranges of mean concentrations 0.08-0.22 mg/LCd,
0.01- 0.01 mg/LCr, 1.81- 1.97 mg/LPb and 1.111.99mg/LCu for leachate samples. Strong
correlation exist between some physicochemical
parameters and heavy metals; however, in few
cases the correlation is significant at either a =
0.05. The levels of the dump site samples
parameters were significantly different from those
obtained from control sites at a = 0.05 level. The
level of contamination of heavy metals was strong
58.
ALIYU
HANNATU
GYENNA
PGS/
20082009/
4020289
THE POTENTIALS OF
MAIZE, BEANS,
GROUNDNUT AND
GUINEA CORN AS
PHYTOREMEDIATION
TOOLS OF HEAVY
METALS
MARCH,
2013
at Rafin Makaranta with chromium and lead.
These suggested that solid waste dumpsite
contributes to heavy metals contamination of the
environment.
Soil sample from a farm land was analyzed for
heavy metals to determine the initial concentration
of zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr),
manganess (Mn), lead (Pb) and iron (Fe). The soil
(3kg) each was later contaminated with 2g of the
metals above (as FeSO4,CdC03 and Zn, Mn, Pb,
Cr powder). The contaminated soil were placed in
a perforated polyethene bag and labeled according
to the metal they represent. The secondary
seedlings were watered morning and evening for a
period of 14, 28 and 42 days, after 42 days the
plants were harvested. Ground plant and soil
samples 1.0g each was weighed separately and
placed into a comical flask, 4ml perchloric acid,
25ml concentrated HNO3) and 2ml concentrated
H2S04 were added under a fume hood. The content
were mixed thoroughly and allowed to cool,
enough de-ionize water was added to 40ml mark
and allowed to cool. The content was subjected to
AAS for the analysis of heavy metals. The result
shows that essential heavy metals (Fe, Zn, and
Mn) are highly accumulated by plants than the
toxic metals (Pb, Cd and Cr). Generally, it was
59.
EMMANUEL
WILLIAMS
MSHELIA
PGS/
20082009/
4020288
ASSESSMENT OF
CONTAMINATION
PATTERN OF
MUNICIPAL SOLID
WASTE
DUMPSITES ON
ARID SOIL AND
LEACHATE: IN
MAIDUGURI
METROPOLIS
observed that the heavy metals accumulation in
the plants for both experimental and control is
maize, guineacorn, beans and groundnut. In terms
of phytoremediation, maize appears superior to
the other plants.
MARCH, Soil and leachate samples from five dumpsites
2013
located within Maiduguri Metropolis (Railway,
State Low - cost, IDH and NNPC Depot) and the
controls (collected 10m away from each site) were
analysed. The aim was to assess the pollution level
of the environment. Heavy metals were
determined using AAS (Perkin Elmer A Analyst
400 Model).These include; Cobalt, Arsenic,
Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese,
Nickel, Lead and Zinc. Physico - chemical
parameters such as pH, EC and Temperature were
also determined. Almost all the dumpsite soil and
leachate are slightly alkaline with pH range of
7.32±0.03l - 8.75± 0.106 for Bulunkutu and State
Low -cost respectively. Pearson correlation results
show strong and significant relationship between
some of the heavy metals and physico--chemical
parameters at a=O.Ol and a=O.05 levels.
Bulunkutu pH correlates strongly and significantly
with Cd and Cu. Geoaccumulation index showed
moderate to strong levels of contamination,
Railway and NNPC dumpsites practically showed
60.
TANKO
GARBA
BEYAM
PGS/
2001-02/
402045
COMPARATIVE
STUDIES OF
HEAVY METALS
IN SELECTED
CEREALS USING
ATOMIC
ABSORPTION
AND UV/VISIBLE
SPECTROPHOTO
METERS
MARCH,
2013
no contamination while Bulunkutu indicate strong
contamination with Co and Pb.
The performance-characteristics of the UV/VIS
and AA-spectrophotometers were investigated
using selected cereal flours as samples and control
for the determination of heavy metals. The results
obtained showed Pb having the highest recovery
of
96.13%
in
maize
using
UV/VIS
spectrophotometer, while the least value was
observed from Cd (27.17%) in millet using AAS.
The sensitivity of the two methods recorded the
highest value from UV/VS method (13.33%) as
compared to the AAS method (6.23%) using the
slope of the standard calibration curve. On the
precision of result using the relative standard
deviation as index maize, control recorded the
widest range of 0.13-30.56% from UV/VIS the
least of 0.00-2.82% obtained in millet control
sample from UV/VIS-method. The practical
detection limit (PDL) value for the heavy metals
in AAS was found to be the least with absorbance
(0.004) at Pb (lx10-2) mg/ml), while with
absorbance (0.001) was obtained from Cu at
5x10-4mg/ml using the UV/VIS method. This
showed that colour intensity played a vital role in
the detection of the metals at-trace level, since the
AAS aspirate the samples without any treatment.
However the accuracy of results was observed to
be widest range in maize control sample 5.5070.00 (with UV/VI method) while the least range
was 1.90-3.70 using the AAS method. From the
study carried out, it was observed that the
UV/VIS method was easy to operate, cost
effective and can analyze metallic samples at trace
concentration. Both methods however can be used
for laboratory routine analysis and research
studies.
61.
AIYEDIPE
RAPHAEL
PGS/
2008-09/
4020293
ESTIMATION OF
CONSUMED
OXYGEN LEVELS
OF SOLID
ORGANIC WASTE
USING MODIFIED
WINKLER
METHOD
MARCH,
2013
Studies on the estimation of consumed oxygen
levels were carried out on samples at various dump
sites within Bauchi metropolis (i.e Gubi dam, Rafin
Zurfi, and Rafin Makaranta) at different time and
temperature intervals using the standard Winkler
Method. The Winkler method was modified and this
involved the use of reagents such as potassium
fluoride or bromide as first reagent in the azide
modification. Furthermore, 90% phosphoric acid (H3
PO4 ) was used for acidification instead of sulphuric
acid to eliminate iron (III) interference. The results
obtained was analysed statistically for the mean,
variance, standard deviation and the results
compared with the results from the standard Winkler
method. The t-test results shows that the mean
oxygen concentration obtained at Gubi Dam by both
methods were not significantly different at the 95%
confidence level. This is shown by the probability
value (p =0.90343) from the t-test statistics. In the
62.
JONGS
SOLOMON
LYDIA
PGS/
2008-09/
4020295
PHYSICOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
AND INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATIONS OF
SOME CLAY
DEPOSITS FROM
PLATEAU STATE,
NIGERIA
FEB,
2014
samples from Rafin Zurfi and Rafin Makaranta the
mean dissolved oxygen levels were significantly
different from one another at the 95% confidence
level. All values of this test were less than the
critical value of p = 0.05 for 95% confidence level.
The precision of the modified method recorded
0.10% from RSD as compared to the standard
Winkler method which recorded 0.24% RSD
showing that the modified method is more precise
than the Winkler method.
The mineralogical and Physico-Chemical
properties of Rarin Sho, Major Porter, Wereng
camp, Kwi and Naraguta clay deposits in Plateau
State, Nigeria were investigated to evaluate their
potentials for some industrial uses. The X-ray
diffraction studies indicated that the dominant clay
mineral found in all the samples was of the
kaolin's group and the main non- clay minerals
were quartz and muscovite. Chemically, the X-ray
fluorescence results also indicated that the Silica
(Si02) content of the samples ranged from
(41.20% - 62.26%), and Alumina (Al2 O3) was
(17.25% - 37.15%). Some considerable amounts
of impurities found were Fe2 O3 (0.43 - 27.52%),
Ti 02 (0.05 - 3.28%), K20 (0.13 - 3.01%). The
oxides of Na, Ca and Mg were within acceptable
limits in the clays for most purposes. Their loss on
ignition ranged from 4.30% - 12.43%. Significant
differences exist between the oxides at (p < 0.05).
I.Further studies should
be carried out to determine
the
exact
individual
measurement of the CI")
stal size and shape of the
clay minerals with an
electron microscope in
order to confirm the use
of RC and MP in paper
and
pharmaceutical
industries.
2.Work should also be
carried
out
to
determine the degree of
viscosity of RC. MP.
KC and WC clay
deposits
for
the
confirmation of their
Lise in the paper. paint
and plastic industries.
3.
Future
work
should also be carried out
to determine accurately
63.
EZE
MICHAEL
ONYEDIKA
PGS/
08-09/
4020294
HEAVY METAL
CONCENTRATIONS
IN SOILS AND
FEB,
2014
The physical properties investigated were particle
size distribution containing heavy clay-size
materials ranging from 67.88% - 91.88%;
plasticity index of 15.90 - 33.68%; drying and
firing shrinkages of 1.10 - 2.22% and 1.65 - 4.49%
respectively. Their fusion temperature values fired
to 1500°C except Naraguta clay that fused at
1300°C. Rarin Sho, Major Porter and Wereng
camp clays retained their natural to burnt white
and near-white colours, while Kwi and Naraguta
clays changed colours from orange pink and light
brown to moderate pink and moderate reddish
brown respectively on burning to 1200°C. Very
strong and positive significant interrelationships
occurred between the clay parameters in each site
as tested by Pearson correlation at (p <0.01 and
<0.05). These results compare very well with
several clay materials elsewhere. Based on these
characteristics, the clays were observed to be
potentially suitable for the production of paints,
tiles, ceramics, refractories, sanitary wares and
clay bricks. Minimal processing will increase the
potential of Rarin Sho and Major Porter to meet
up with specification for paper, fertilizer and/or
pharmaceutical uses.
A study of the concentration and accumulation of
heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Zn) in vegetable
the
pyrometric
cone
equivalent
or
refractoriness of the clays
to confirm the extent of
their refractory potentials.
ACCUMULATIONS
IN VEGETABLE
PLANTS GROWN
NEAR SOLID
WASTE
DUMPSITES IN
GOMBE, NIGERIA
plants (Amaranthus hybridus and Talinum
triangulare) around four solid waste dumpsites in
Gombe metropolis, Nigeria was carried out using
Atomic Absorption S ectrophotometer (A Analyst
400 Perkin Elmer USA). The results indicated a
trend in heavy metals' concentration in both
dumpsite soil and plants samples in the order:
Fe>Zn>Pb>Ni>Cd. Pearson bivariate correlation
coefficient was also determined using SPSS 15
statistical package which showed the extent of the
relationship existing between the metals
investigated
and
soil
physico-chemical
parameters. The results obtained revealed
significant
correlation
at
p<0.05.
The
Accumulation Factor (AF) and Mobility Index
(MI) were calculated for assessment of mobility of
heavy metals from soil to various plant parts
(roots, stems and leaves) through different levels:
Level I (Soil-Roots), Level 2 (Roots-Stems) and
Level 3 (Stems-Leaves). The Accumulation Factor
(Transfer Ratio) indicated the following trend:
Cd>Pb> i>Fe>Zn. The results also showed that all
the metals were highly mobile from soil to leaves
through roots and stems. Roots showed highest
metal concentration followed by leaves and then
stems. Although, the ranges obtained for the
metals in plants and soils were within the
recommended limits, their mean accumulation
factors revealed that it may be risky to consume
green amaranth and water leaf grown at close
proximity to dumpsites since they can greatly
accumulate much of these toxic metals.
64.
65.