Vertebrates
Fishes, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles,
Mammals
Biology B
Chordate Cladogram
Section 30-1
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Fishes
Nonvertebrate
chordates
Invertebrate ancestor
Reptiles
Nonvertebrate Chorodate
• Choradate
– Dorsal hollow nerve cord
– Notochord
– Pharyngeal pouches
– Tail that extend beyond anus
• Nonvertebrate Chorodates
– Tunicates and Lancelets
The Generalized Structure of
a Chordate
Section 30-1
Notochord
Muscle segments
Tail
Hollow
nerve cord
Anus
Mouth
Pharyngeal pouches
b
3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates
1. Endoskeleton.
 Supports larger animal size.
 Grows with animal (No molting!)
2. Backbone and cephalization.
 Well-developed brain with sensory organs.
 Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms.
3. Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart.
 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be
separated into oxygenated or deoxygenated.
 More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.
Endotherms and Ectotherms
• Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by
external environment.
– Fish, amphibians, reptiles
• Endotherm: Body temperature is
regulated by internal processes.
– Mammals, birds
Temperature Control in
Chordates
Body Temperature (°C)
Section 33-2
Environmental Temperature (°C)
Diversity of Chordates
Section 33-1
•
•
•
•
Characteristics of Fishes
Live in water.
Overlapping scales that cover skin.
Mucus coat (reduces friction when swimming).
Swim bladder (buoyancy, sharks don’t have
one).
– Why do many sharks never stop swimming?
• Lateral line system (detects vibrations in water).
• Gills (blood and water flow in opposite
directions; more efficient oxygen absorbtion
and CO2 release. OPERCULA: opening and
closing flaps; sharks)
The Anatomy of a Fish
Section 30-2
Kidney
Pyloric
cecum
Stomach
Vertebra
Muscle
Esophagus
Swim
bladder
Brain
Spinal Gills
cord
Mouth
Operculum
Urinary
bladder
Heart
Anus
Reproductive
organ
Pancreas
Intestine
Gallbladder
Liver
Circulation in a Fish
Section 30-2
Gills
Body
muscle
circulation
Digestive
system
circulation
Heart
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Brain and
head
circulation
Sinus Venosus
Oxygen-poor blood
from the veins collects
in the sinus
venosus.
Ventricle
The ventricle pumps
blood into the bulbus
arteriosus.
Atrium
Blood enters the
atrium and flows
to the ventricle.
Bulbus Arteriosus
The bulbus arteriosus
moves blood into the
ventral aorta and
toward the gills.
Fish: Life Cycle
• Varied strategies.
– Sharks: internal fertilization. Salmon:
external.
• Generally, lay many more eggs than
they need.
– Many are never fertilized.
– Many more are fertilized than the
environment can support. (Why? Isn’t this
wasted effort on the part of the fishes?)
Rainbow
Cut Throat
Characteristics of Amphibians
• Live both in water and on land.
• Four strong limbs.
• Nictating membrane: see through
second eyelid. Why is this helpful on both
land and in the water?
• Tympanic membrane: hearing. Land?
Water?
Amphibians: Energy and
Wastes
• A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept
moist.
• 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped
circulatory system. – What is that? Why is
that a good thing?
• Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into
lungs, circulatory system changes
• Kidneys regulate the amount of water in
the frog.
– In water excrete, on land retain.
The Life Cycle of a Frog
Section 30-3
Adult
Frog
Young
Frog
Adults are typically ready to
breed in about one to two years.
Frog eggs are laid in water and
undergo external fertilization.
Fertilized Eggs
The eggs
hatch into
tadpoles a
few days to
several
weeks later.
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.
Characteristics of Reptiles
• Dry, scaly skin (prevents evaporation).
– Keratin: A hard, water-resistant protein
(human hair and fingernails, bird feathers).
• Usually carnivores.
• Separated 3-chambered heart (crocodiles
have 4 chambers).
• Ectotherms.
– How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?
Rafekie
The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4)
•
•
•
•
•
Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk.
Yolk: food source.
Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo.
Chorion: regulates gas exchange.
Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell is
porous (gas can exchange through it).
• Allantois: stores wastes.
The Amniotic Egg
Section 31-1
Amnion
The amnion is a fluid-filled sac
that surrounds and cushions
the developing embryo. It
produces a protected, watery
environment.
Allantois
The allantois stores the
waste produced by the
embryo. It also serves
as a respiratory organ.
Embryo
Chorion
The chorion regulates
the transport of
oxygen from the
surface of the egg
to the embryo and
the transport of
carbon dioxide,
one product of
respiration, in the
opposite direction.
Yolk sac
This baglike structure
contains a yolk that
serves as a nutrient-rich
food supply for the embryo.
Shell
Characteristics of Birds
• Adaptations center around flight…
– Light-weight bones: hollow, but have cross
braces.
– Shape of a bird’s wings gives lift.
– Fused bones (ligaments are heavy).
– Massive flight muscles (Pectoralis: 25% of
weight).
• Shape of the wings gives lift.
• The one reptilian characteristic of birds
is their scale-covered legs.
The Digestive System of a Pigeon
Section 31-2
Brain
Esophagus
1 When a bird eats,
food moves down
the esophagus and
is stored in the crop.
Lung
Heart
Kidney
Crop
Air sac
2 Moistened food passes to the
stomach, a two-part chamber.
The first chamber secretes acid
and enzymes. The partially
digested food moves to the
second chamber, the gizzard.
Liver
First
chamber
of stomach
Gizzard Small
intestine
3 The muscular walls
of the gizzard squeeze
the contents, while
small stones grind the
food.
Pancreas
Large intestine
Cloaca
5 Undigested food is
excreted through the
cloaca.
4 As digestion continues,
the food moves through
the intestines.
You Eat Like A Bird…
• Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to
maintain their high metabolism.
• Feathers – trap body heat.
• Unique respiratory system – air flows
one-way.
• Crop  Gizzard  Intestines.
– Figure 26.18.
Blue Jay- Mr. Phillips Favorite Bird
• Toronto Blue Jays
World Series 19921993 Champions
Characteristics of Mammals
•
•
•
•
Endotherms – hair.
Mammary glands – produce milk.
Large, well-developed brains.
4-chambered heart, double-looped
circulatory system.
Variety of Mammals
•
Size
– Smallest: shrew (weighs
less than a dime)
– Largest: whale (100,000
kg; 32 elephants)
•
Speed
– Slowest: Two-toed sloth
(1 meter/15 seconds)
– Fastest: Cheetah (400
meters/15 seconds)
– Humans (150 meters/15
seconds)
•
Environments
Mammals: Movement and Energy
• High-speed running: long bones and
flexible hip and shoulder joints.
• Eat a variety of foods: different teeth
structures.
• Diaphram: More gas exchange.
• Air sacs: increased surface area for gas
exchange.
The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals
Section 32-1
CARNIVORE
Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivores
use them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.
In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.
HERBIVORE
Jaw
joint
Jaw joint
Wolf
Horse
Chisel-like incisors are used for
cutting, gnawing, and grooming.
Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolars
allows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,
flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.
Mammals: Types of Life Cycles
• Monotremes: Reproduce by laying
eggs (duck-billed playtpus).• Marsupials: Give birth to small,
immature young that then further
develop inside the mother’s external
pouch (kangaroo).
• Placental mammals: Babies develop
inside the mother’s body (95% of all
mammals).
Section 39-4
The Placenta
The Success of Mammals
• Well-developed cerebrum: The largest
part of the brain; makes processing
information and learning possible.
• Care of the Young: Development inside
the mother; care of the young for the
first year(s) of their life.
Compare/Contrast Table
Section 33-3
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Function
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Respiration
Gills and
diffusion
Gills/air sacs
Simple lungs
and skin
Lungs
Lungs (tubes Lungs
and air sacs; (alveoli)
one-way flow)
Circulation
No true
chambers
Single loop; 2 Double loop;
chambers
3 chambers
Double loop;
3 chambers
Double loop;
4 chambers
Double loop;
4 chambers
Excretion
Gills and
gill slits
Kidney and
gills
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Response
Simple; mass Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization; Cephalization;
of nerve cells small
small
small
large
large
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
cerebrum
Kidney and
gills
Mammals
The Circulatory Systems
of Vertebrates
Section 33-3
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
Double-Loop Circulatory System
MOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS
Compare/Contrast Table
continued
Section 33-3
Comparing Functions of Chordates
Fishes
Amphibians
Amphibians
(adult)
(adult)
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Muscles on
either side of
backbone
Limbs stick
out sideways;
muscles and
ligaments
Limbs point
directly
toward
ground;
muscles and
ligaments
Upper limbs
are wings; 2
feet; muscles
and ligaments
2 or 4 legs;
walk with legs
straight under
them;
muscles and
ligaments
Reproduction External
fertilization
External
fertilization
External
fertilization
Internal
fertilization;
shelled egg
Internal
fertilization;
shelled egg
Internal
fertilization
and
development
Temperature Ectothermic
Control
Ectothermic
Ectothermic
Ectothermic
Endothermic
Endothermic
Function
Movement
Nonvertebrate
Chordates
Muscles,
no bones
The Digestive Systems
of Vertebrates
Section 33-3
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark
Salamander
Lizard
Pigeon
Cow
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I
Section 35-1
Nervous System
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Circulatory System
Figure 35-8 The Synapse
Section 35-2
Direction of Impulse
Dendrite of
adjacent neuron
Axon
Vesicle
Receptor
Axon
terminal
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter
Figure 35-9 The Brain
Section 35-3
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Pineal
gland
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Pituitary gland
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
The Senses of Smell and Taste
Section 35-4
Olfactory
(smell) bulb
Taste
sensory
area
Olfactory
nerve
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
Smell
receptor
Nasal cavity
Smell
sensory area
Taste bud
Taste
pore
Taste
receptor
Sensory
nerve fibers
Figure 35-14 The Eye
Section 35-4
Vitreous humor
Muscle
Lens
Fovea
Aqueous humor
Cornea
Pupil
Optic nerve
Iris
Blood vessels
Ligaments
Retina
Choroid
Sclera
Figure 35-15 The Ear
Section 35-4
Anvil Stirrup
Hammer
Oval
window
Semicircular canals
Cochlear nerve
Cochlea
Bone
Auditory canal
Tympanum
Round window
Eustachian tube
The Skeletal System
Section 36-1
Skull
Axial
Skeleton
Clavicle
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral
column
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Pelvis
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Appendicular
Skeleton
Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure
Section 36-2
Figure 36-13 The Structure of Skin
Section 36-3
Section 37-1
Figure 37-2 The Circulatory
System
Capillaries of
head and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries of
right lung
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart
Section 37-1
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the
upper part of the body to the right atrium
Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left
ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each
of the lungs to the left atrium
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
after it has entered the
pulmonary artery
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right atrium after it
has entered the right ventricle
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the left ventricle
after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium after it has
entered the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor
blood from the lower part of
the body to the right atrium
Septum
Right Ventricle
Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System
Section 37-3
Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing
Section 37-3
Air
exhaled
Air
inhaled
Rib cage
lowers
Rib cage
rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Section 37-3
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary
The Digestive System
Section 38-2
Mouth
Pharynx
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
(behind liver)
Stomach
Pancreas (behind
stomach)
Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
The Small Intestine
Section 38-2
Villus
Small Intestine
Circular folds
Epithelial cells
Villi
Capillaries
Lacteal
Vein
Artery
Section 39-3
The Male Reproductive
System
The Female Reproductive
System
Section 39-3
Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2
Section 35-1
Respiratory System
Endocrine System
Digestive System
Reproductive System
Excretory System
Lymphatic/Immune Systems