Partnership for Environmental
Education and Rural Health (PEER) http://peer.tamu.edu
Supported by the National Institutes of Health ORIP

Larry Johnson, PhD
Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
Texas A & M University
College Station, TX

Anatomy & Physiology Defined
Anatomy
The study of the structure of living things.
Physiology
The study of the function (mechanical, physical, or biochemical function) of living things.

Anatomy - Physiology Analogy
Anatomy of a horse:
Is composed of its parts.
Physiology of the horse :
Is what the horse can do with its anatomy.

Macroscopic Anatomy (Gross anatomy)
The study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye.
Studies the human or animal body by dissection.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of tiny anatomical structures that must be viewed with a microscope.
Cytology : the study of cells
Histology : the study of the organization of the four basic types of tissues

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE

CELL
PROTOPLASM – Living Substance
CELL – Smallest unit of protoplasm
Simplest animals consist of a single cell
TISSUE
ORGAN
TISSUE – Groups of cells with same general function and texture (texture = tissue) e.g., muscle, nerve
ORGAN – Two or more types of tissues; larger functional unit e.g., skin, kidney, intestine, blood vessels
ORGAN SYSTEM Several organs e.g., respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems
SYSTEM

Covers organs
Lines viscera and blood vessels
Secretory cells of glands

Epithelia: Specialized for Functions
Absorption Intestine
Secretion Pancreas
Transport Eye, Endothelium in vessels
Excretion Kidney
Protection – Against
Mechanical Damage and
Dehydration
Sensory Reception –
Pain To Avoid
Injury, Taste Buds,
Olfactory, etc.
Contraction – Myoepithelium

Small pieces of lungs from a non-smoker and from a smoker

The HISTOLOGICAL GLUE which binds the other tissues together to form organs, specializations include blood, cartilage, and bone.

Fat cells of connective tissue
130 lbs vs 300 lbs

Connective Tissue: Blood Cells
Red Cells
Carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the body’s tissues.
White Cells
Transient inhabitants of the blood
Manufactured in bone marrow
Pass through the blood to connective tissue where they participate in defense against biological and chemical invaders!
Platelets
Blood clotting

BLOOD - DIAGNOSTIC VALUE -
MOST EXAMINED
TYPES OF INFORMATION:
IDENTIFY NATURE OF DISEASE
VIRAL – T LYMPHOCYTES
BACTERIAL – NEUTROPHILS
PARASITIC – EOSINOPHILS
FOLLOWS THE COURSE OF
DISEASE
ALLOWS METHOD TO EVALUATE
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
TREATMENT

Function
Generation of contractile force
Distinguishing Features
High concentration of contractile proteins actin and myosin arranged either diffusely in the cytoplasm or in regular repeating units called sarcomeres

MUSCLE – Introduction
Contractivity is one of the fundamental properties of protoplasm and is exhibited in varing degree by nearly all cell types. In the cells of muscle, the ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical work has become highly developed. Locomotion of multicellular animals, beating of their hearts, and movement of their internal organs depends on muscles of different types.

SKELETAL MUSCLE – VERY LONG CYLINDRICAL STRIATED
MUSCLE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL NUCLEI Myoepithelial cells
CARDIAC MUSCLE
– SHORT
BRANCHING STRIATED
MUSCLE CELLS WITH
CENTRALLY LOCATED NUCLEI
SMOOTH MUSCLE – CLOSELY
PACKED SPINDLE-SHAPED
CELLS WITH A SINGLE
CENTRALLY PLACED NUCLEUS
AND CYTOPLASM THAT
APPEARS HOMOGENEOUS
BY LIGHT MICROSCOPY

Functions
Specialized for the transmission, reception, and integration of electrical impulses
Distinguishing Features
Neurons : very large excitable cells with long processes called axons and dendrites.
The axons make contact with other neurons or muscle cells at a synapse where the impulses are either electrically or chemically transmitted to other neurons or various target cells (e.g., Muscle).

Communication:
Function of the Nervous System
Dependent upon special signaling properties of neuron
Long processes of neurons (e.g., 1 meter motor neuroaxon)

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
EPITHELIUM

Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
CONNECTIVE
TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
MUSCULAR
TISSUE

Where are these basic tissues located?
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE
NERVOUS
TISSUE

EPITHELIUM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MUSCULAR
TISSUE
NERVOUS
TISSUE

EPITHELIUM MUSCULAR TISSUE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
NERVOUS TISSUE

Surface Anatomy
The study of body structures as they appear on the surface of the body.
Applied Anatomy
Surgical Anatomy
Radiological Anatomy
Kinesiology

Developmental Anatomy
The study of the formation of parts of the body.
Neuroanatomy
The study of gross and microscopic structures of the nervous system
.

Organ : 2 or more types of tissues making a larger functional unit
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin
Dermis
Beneath the epidermis
Consists of connective tissue
Hypodermis
Lowest layer of skin
Mainly houses fat

• Protects against injury and desiccation
• Maintenance of water balance
• Excretes various substances
• Thermoregulation
• Receives stimuli
– Temperature
– Pain
– Pressure
• Basis of recognition and yields clues to one’s well being
• Fat metabolism in the hypodermis

Musculoskeletal System
Muscles : system of levers that aid muscle action
– Smooth Muscle
– Skeletal Muscle
– Cardiac Muscle
Bones : provide support and protection
– Long bones
– Short bones
– Flat bones
– Irregular bones

Joints
Parts of the
Musculoskeletal System
Form the junction between two or more bones
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Tendons
Attach muscles to bone

Skeletal Muscle
Voluntary, large and multinucleated cells, striated
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary, mononucleated and branched cells, striated
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, mononucleated, non-striated

Contractibility (Movement)
Running, walking, jumping.
Posture
Joint Stability
Heat Production
Flexion (close angle of joint) and
Extension (open angle)
? and ?

Contractibility (Movement)
Running, walking, jumping.
Posture
Joint Stability
Heat Production
Flexion (close angle of joint) and
Extension (open angle)
Flexion and Extension

Flexible Support
Return to original shape
(ears, nose, and respiratory)
Slides across each other easily while bearing weight (joints, articular surfaces of bones)
Cushion – cartilage has limited compressibility
(joints)
No nerves, so no pain during compression of cartilage.

Skeletal support for land animals
Protective Enclosure
Skull to protect brain
Long bone to protect hemopoietic cell
Calcium Regulation
Parathyroid hormone (bone resorption) and calcitonin hormone (prevents resorption) are involved in tight calcium regulation
¼ free Ca 2+ in blood is exchanged each minute
Hemopoiesis
Blood cell formation in the body

Function of the Immune System
Protects against foreign invaders into body
Produces / protects the body’s germ free environment
Bone marrow

PROTECTION AGAINST
FOREIGN INVADERS INTO BODY

reak the cycle of transmission ill the infectious agent ncrease host resistance e.g., increase immunity of host

FIRST LINE -
PHYSICAL BARRIER
– SKIN - STRATUM
CORIUM
– HCL IN STOMACH
– MUCUS IN
INTESTINES reak the cycle of transmission

SECOND LINE – PHAGOCYTES work on
NEUTROPHILS to ill the infectious agent
MONOCYTES - MACROPHAGE

PHAGOCYTES at work
– NEUTROPHILS
– MACROPHAGES

ncrease host resistance through IMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF
IMMUNITY
• ACQUIRED - requires exposure to antigens
• SPECIFICITY - response is unique to exposure
• MEMORY - remembers previous exposure

ORGANS OF THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM
• PRIMARY ORGANS
– BONE MARROW
– THYMUS
• SECONDARY ORGANS
– SPLEEN
– LYMPH NODES
– LYMPHOID TISSUE -
PEYER PATCHES

ORGANS OF
THE IMMUNE
SYSTEM
• PRIMARY ORGANS
– BONE MARROW
– THYMUS

Parts of the Immune System
Lymph Nodes
Filters and traps foreign particles
Contain white blood cells
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue
Protects against bacteria

Parts of the Immune System
The Thymus
Helps with development and maintenance of immunologic cells
The Spleen
Clears out old red blood cells

• Anatomy (structure) and Physiology
(function)
• Four Types of Tissues
• Fields of Anatomy
• Integumentary System
• Musculoskeletal System
• Immune System

Anatomy and Physiology Part 2
March 19 10:00-10:45 Central Time
Anatomy and Physiology Part 2
Tuesday March 19
10:00-10:45 CST
Grades 6-12
FREE

Adventure - travel
Excitement - discovery
Opportunity – industry, government, medicine, and university
Teaching - inform public
Satisfaction - public good

Partnership for Environmental
Education and Rural Health (PEER) http://peer.tamu.edu/
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Supported by the National Institutes of Health ORIP