RECONSTRUCTION 1863-1896 CHAPTER 18 POSTWAR PROBLEMS Economics NORTH: 1) 800,000 soldiers needed jobs 2)Government canceled war supply orders 3)factories laid off workers 4)lost more men Positive for North: all cities and farms were still intact. SOUTH: 1) due to total war soldiers came home to nothing! 2)Richmond & Atlanta were leveled 3)Confederate money was worthless 4)banks closed, depositors lost all their money 5)new class system-4 million freedman RECONSTRUCTION PLANS 10% PLAN- PRES.ABRAHAM LINCOLN WADE-DAVIS BILL- REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS JOHNSON’S PLAN-PRES. ANDREW JOHNSON RECONSTRUCTION ACT-RADICAL REPUBLICANS LINCOLNS 10% PLAN Lincoln wanted to make it easy for the South to rejoin the Union 1) 10% of the voters of the South must swear loyalty to the Union 2) South must abolish slavery 3) offered amnesty to confederate soldiers who were loyal to the Union. (it did not apply to Confederate leaders) Amnesty-government pardon WADE-DAVIS BILL They felt Lincoln was too soft! 1) Majority of white man in the South must swear loyalty to the Union. 2) Former Confederate volunteers can not vote or hold office! FREEDMAN’S BUREAU ESTABLISHED BY A BILL PASSED BY LINCOLN & CONGRESS March 1864-government agency to help former slaves. 1) supplied food & clothing 2) found jobs 3) medical care for more than 1 million people 4) set up schools with volunteer teachers ( children & adults learned together) 5) laid fountain for the South’s public school system 6) college for African Americans LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION April 14, 1865 Ford’s theatre in Washington, DC John Wilkes Booth shot the president in the back of his head and he died the next day! Booth was caught and killed. The nation plunged into grief! Vice-President Johnson becomes President JOHNSON’S PLAN HIS PLAN WAS MILDER THAN EXPECTED 1) Majority of Southern white men must swear loyalty 2) Confederate states must ratify the 13th Amendment 3) former confederate officials may vote and hold office REACTION TO JOHNSON’S PLAN Southern states quickly met the conditions in Johnson’s Plan Johnson approved their new state governments Voters in the South quickly elected representatives to Congress. The Vice-President of the Confederacy was elected Senator from Georgia. (Alexander Stephens) Republicans in Congress were outraged! Set up Committee on Reconstruction of the South. SOUTHERN STATES PASS BLACK CODES 1) 2) 3) 4) Limited the rights of African Americans Could not vote Could not own guns Could not serve on juries Job limitations: could work only as servants or farmhands and had to sign a year long contract. Without a contract African Americans would be arrested and sentenced to work on a plantation. CONGRESS IS OUTRAGED ! Confederate leaders in government! African Americans could not vote! The Black Codes! Violence against Freedmen! Burned homes, churches, and schools! Blamed Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction Plan! Radical Republican group forms to try to take control of South Reconstruction! RADICAL REPUBLICANS Thaddeus Stevens of Penn. Led the Radicals in the House of Representatives Charles Sumner of Mass. Led the Radicals in the Senate Radicals did not control Congress! Moderate Republicans did! They had 2 main goals: 1) break the power of the rich planters who had ruled the South (believed they caused Civil War) 2) wanted freedmen to receive the right to vote! CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1866 PASSED BY CONGRESS TO COMBAT BLACK CODES IT GAVE CITIZENSHIP TO AFRICAN AMERICANS PRES. JOHNSON VETOED THE BILL CONGRESS WAS ABLE TO OVERRIDE THE VETO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! CONGRESS WORRIED THAT THE SUPREME COURT MIGHT OVERTURN THE ACT SO THEY PASSED THE 14TH AMENDMENT!! 14TH AMENDMENT IT DEFINED ALL CITIZENS AS “ALL PEOPLE BORN OR NATURALIZED IN THE U.S.”(DID NOT INCLUDE NATIVE AMERICANS) IT GUARENTED CITIZENS “EQUAL PROTECTION OF THE LAW” FORBADE ANY STATE TO “DEPRIVE ANY PERSON OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY WITHOUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW” CAN NOT DISCRIMINATE BASED ON RACE ANY STATE THAT DENIED ANY MALE CITIZEN, AGE 21 OR OLDER, THE RIGHT TO VOTE WOULD HAVE ITS REPRESENTATION REDUCED IN CONGRESS! CONGRESSIONAL ELECTION OF 1866 PRES.JOHNSON TRIED TO GET RID OF RADICAL REPIBLICANS IN CONGRESS BY TRAVELING AROUND THE COUNTRY. PRES. JOHNSON OPPOSED 14TH AMENDMENT REPUBLICANS WON A MAJORITY IN BOTH HOUSES, IT WAS A DISASTER FOR PRES. JOHNSON!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! RECONSTRUCTION ACT (Radicals) PASSED BY CONGRESS IN MARCH OF 1867 1) It threw out state governments that failed to ratify the 14th amendment 2) It divided South into 5 military districts (army commanders were given broad powers to enforce reconstruction) 3) To rejoin Union-states had to write a new state constitution. 4) Ratify 14th Amendment 5) Allow African Americans the right to vote Republicans gained control of all new Southern state governments!! IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON Pres. Johnson had to execute the Reconstruction Act, but tried to limit its effect! He fired military commanders who supported Radical Reconstruction. He fired the Sec. of War Edwin Stanton, who acted like a spy for the radical Republicans Feb 24, 1868- the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring formal charges against the President. IMPEACHMENT ACCORDING TO THE CONSTITUTION THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CAN IMPEACH A PRESIDENT FOR “TREASON, BRIBERY, OR OTHER HIGH CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS” THE PRESIDENT CAN BE REMOVED FROM OFFICE IF 2/3rds OF THE SENATE FIND HIM GUILTY. President Johnson He is impeached by the House of Representatives He was one vote shy of conviction of the Senate (35 to 19) He therefore was not removed from office! He was not guilty-You can not remove a President just because you do not agree with him! Bill Clinton is the only other President to be impeached!! PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1868 ULYSSES S. GRANT- REPUBLICAN VS. HORATIO SEYMOUR- DEMOCRAT GRANT EASILY WINS! HE HAD 500,000 BLACK VOTES 15TH AMENDMENT 1869 PASSED BY CONGRESS It forbade any state to deny any citizen the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Ratified in 1870 ALL AFRICAN AMERICAN MALES 21 AND OVER HAD THE RIGHT TO VOTE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! REPUBLICANS PUSHED FOR THIS AMENDMENT BECAUSE THEY KNEW AFRICAN AMERICANS WOULD VOTE FOR THEM! SCALAWAGS WHITE SOUTHERN REPUBLICANS BUSINESS PEOPLE WHO HAD OPPOSED SECESSION IN 1860 WERE CONSIDERED TRAITORS BY MANY WHITE SOUTHERNERS NORTHERNERS WHO MOVED SOUTH AFTER THE WAR CARPETBAGGERS-NORTHERNERS WHO WENT TO THE SOUTH HOPING TO GET RICH DUE TO THE SOUTH’S TOTAL DESTRUCTION. UNION SOLDIERS-WHO HAD FOUGHT IN THE SOUTH AND FEEL IN LOVE WITH THE SOUTH’S RICH FARMLAND. TEACHERS, MINISTERS, & REFORMERSWHO MOVED TO THE SOUTH TO HELP THE FREEDMEN. AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SOUTHERN POLITICS 3RD MAJOR GROUP IN SOUTHERN POLITICS THEY COULD VOTE AND RAN FOR PUBLIC OFFICE THEY BECAME SHERIFFS, MAYORS, AND LEGISLATORS IN NEW STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BETWEEN 1869-1880- 16 WERE ELECTED TO CONGRESS & 2 WERE IN THE SENATE! SOUTHERN CONSERVATIVES WHITE SOUTHERNERS WHO HAD ALL THE POWER BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR STILL WANTED THE POWER TRIED TO FORCE AFRICAN AMERICANS BACK ON THE PLANTATIONS THEY FELT IT WAS THE WHITE MAN’S COUNTRY AND THE WHITE MAN SHOULD GOVERN IT!! KU KLUX KLAN KKK SECRET SOCIETY OF WHITE SOUTHERNERS GOAL WAS TO KEEP AFRICAN AMERICANS & WHITE REPUBLICANS OUT OF PUBLIC OFFICE DRESSED IN WHITE ROBES WITH HOODS- WENT TO THE HOMES OF AFRICAN AMERICANS AND BURNED THEIR HOMES, THREATENED THEM, BURNED CROSSES, & MURDERED THEM! 1870 CONGRESS MADE IT A CRIME TO USE FORCE TO STOP PEOPLE FROM VOTING!!!!!!!! REBUILDING THE SOUTH REBUILT SCHOOLS, BRIDGES, ROADS, RAILROADS & TELEGRAPH LINES SOME STATES GAVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO OWN PROPERTY TAXES ROSE IN ORDER TO PAY FOR REBUILDING THERE WAS CORRUPTION IN GOVERNMENT! CYCLE OF POVERTY FOR FREEDMEN Nothing but freedom! Some were able to own a little land. Most went back to work where they were slaves. Many became SHARECROPPERS! They rented and farmed a plot of land. Planters gave them seed, fertilizer & tools in return for a share of their crops! REMAINED IN POVERTY END OF RECONSTRUCTION RADICAL REPUBLICANS LOSING POWER NORTH WAS TIRED OF REFORM TIME FOR SOUTH TO RUN THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS PRES.GRANT APPOINTED FRIENDS WHO STOLE LARGE SUMS OF MONEY PRES.GRANT WON RE-ELECTION IN 1872, BUT NORTHERNERS LOST FAITH IN REPUBLICANS AND THEIR POLICIES AMNESTY ACT OF 1872 PASSED BY CONGRESS RESTORED THE RIGHT TO VOTE TO ALL WHITE SOUTHERNERS THEY VOTED DEMOCRATIC ELECTION OF 1876 SAM TILDEN- DEMOCRAT (GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK) VS. RUTHERFORD B.HAYES- REPUBLICAN (GOVERNOR OF OHIO) ELECTION OF 1876 Tilden won popular vote but had 184 electoral college votes which was one short of winning! There were 20 disputed electoral college votes and 19 of them were from the Republican controlled Southern states. Congress set up a special commission to settle the dispute. The commission gave all 20 disputed votes to Hayes because the commission was made up of Republicans! RUTHERFORD B. HAYES WINS THE ELCTION Hayes had agreed to end Reconstruction so no one argued with the commissions decision to give him all the disputed votes. Pres. Hayes removed all federal troops from Louisiana, South Carolina, & Florida. RECONSTRUCTION IS OVER!!!!!!! IMPACT OF RECONSTRUCTION SOUTH BITTER SOUTH BECOMES STRONGLY DEMOCRATIC AFRICAN AMERICANS STEADILY LOST THEIR POLITICAL POWER RESTRICTING AFRICAN AMERICANS VOTING IN THE SOUTH Poll tax- voters had to pay a fee every time they voted. Many Africans Americans had no money and could not vote. Literacy tests- voters had to read and explain a section of the Constitution before they could vote. Many African Americans could not read or write, so they could not vote. Grandfather clause- if a voter’s father or grandfather had been eligible to vote on Jan 1, 1867, then the voter did not have to take the literacy test. This helped uneducated, poor white farmers vote, but African Americans did not have the right to vote until 1868. SEGREGATION JIM CROW LAWS The origin of the phrase "Jim Crow" has often been attributed to "Jump Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of African Americans performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface, which first surfaced in 1832 and was used to satirize Andrew Jackson's populist policies. SEGREGATION JIM CROW LAWS 1877- SEGREGATION OR LEGAL SEPARATION OF RACES BECAME THE LAW OF THE SOUTH BLACK WHITE SEPARATE: SCHOOLS, TRAINS RESTURANTS,THEATERS, STREETCARS, PLAYGROUNDS, HOSPITALS, EVEN CEMETERIES. TRAPPED AFRICAN AMERICANS IN HOPELESS SITUATIONS! 1896 PLESSY V. FERGUSON On June 7, 1892, a 30-year-old colored shoemaker named Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the East Louisiana Railroad. Plessy was only one-eighths black and seven-eighths white, but under Louisiana law, he was considered black and therefore required to sit in the "Colored" car. Plessy went to court and argued, in Homer Adolph Plessy v. The State of Louisiana, that the Separate Car Act violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. PLESSY V. FERGUSON The judge at the trial was John Howard Ferguson He found Plessy guilty of refusing to leave the white car. Plessy appealed to the Supreme Court of Louisiana, which upheld Ferguson's decision. In 1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard Plessy's case and found him guilty once again. Speaking for a seven-person majority. PLESSY V FERGUSON The Plessy decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal." The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public schools. FACILITIES WERE NEVER EQUAL In the South more money was spent on white schools than black schools. Not until 1954, in the equally important Brown v. Board of Education decision, would the "separate but equal" doctrine be struck down. INDUSTRIES IN THE SOUTH 1880 Cotton production recovered/ built textile mills. Tobacco industry grew/ James Duke of North Carolina controlled 90% of tobacco production with the use of new machinery. NEW: 1) mining iron ore & coal 2) steel in Alabama 3) oil refineries in Texas & Louisiana 4) produced copper, granite & marble 5) lumber of yellow pine 6)furniture & shingles of cypress A NEW BALANCED ECONOMY-NOT JUST AGRICULTURE!