The Cambridge History of the English Language.
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History of the English Language WS 2005/6 Topics • Linguistic changes: grammar and lexicon • Social and political events that influenced the development of the English language • English varieties • Mechanisms of language change Course script Digitale Bibliothek Thüringen Search: Diessel – History of the English Language What you will learn: • Why the English spelling is so odd • Why English does not have case marking • Why English developed a rigid word order • Why there are regular and irregular verbs forms • Why many English words are similar to words in German • Why many English words are similar to words in French • Why questions require the use of ‛do’ • Why English has become a world language Requirements Short exam for student who started last year. 1 5% 2 10% 3 5% 4 20% 5 60% Readings Barber, Charles. 2000. The English Language. A Historical Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Baugh, A.C. and T. Cable. 2002. A History of the English Language. London: Routledge. [fifth edition] Jucker, Andreas H. 2004. History of English and English Historical Linguistics. Stuttgart: Klett. Millward, C.M. 1996. A Biography of the English Language. Boston: Heinle. [second edition] The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. I-V. 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Readings Aitchison, J. Language Change. Progress or Decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold. McMahon, A.M.S. 1995. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hock, H.H. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Croft, W. 2000. Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow: Longman. Time periods 450-1100 Old English 1100-1500 Middle English 1500-1800 Early Modern English 1800-present Present Day English Germanic Germanic West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic English Swedish Gothic Frisian Danish Vandal German Norwegian Burgundian Yiddish Icelandic Dutch Afrikaans English sun house cat apple father hand go see hear run dream German Sonne Haus Katze Apfel Vater Hand gehen sehen hören rennen träumen Swedish sol hus kat äpple fader hand gar sar höra rännar drömar English loan words in German English computer email internet jeans event laptop cool mountain bike absolutely German Computer Email Internet Jeans Event Laptop cool Mountain Bike absolut Loan words in English take give they paper story force wall street school kindergarten Old Norse Old Norse Old Norse French French French Latin Latin Latin German English-German sound correspondences English time tongue ten tame tent to two twins German Zeit Zunge zehn zahm Zelt zu zwei Zwillinge English-German sound correspondences that there through thirsty think das da durch durstig denken English-German sound correspondences pan path pole pepper pipe plant Pfanne Pfad Pfahl Pfeffer Pfeife Pflanze English-German sound correspondences hate eat let hassen essen lassen grip deep sleep greifen tief schafen IE reconstructed word forms *pe:s*ed*ghebh*aug*wed- ‘foot’ ‘eat’ ‘give’ ‘increase’ ‘water’ English-German sound correspondences cheese child chin cheery church Käse Kind Kinn Kirsche Kirche king König Loan words from French crime prison letter justice contract music demand pronounce propose responsible crime prison lettre justice contrat musique demander prononcer proposer responsable Cognates: English-French one two three four five six seven eight nine ten un, une deux trois quatre cinq six sept huit neuf dix Romance French Italian Spain Portuguese Romanian Catalan Galician Sardinian Provencal Rhomansh Sound correspondences in Romance Italian Hundred Sky Stag Wax TEnto Telo TErvo Tera Sardinian Romansh French sa kEntu tsjEnt tsil kElu sjEl kErbu tsErf sER kEra tsairaE siR Spanish Tjen Tjelo Tjerbo Tera Indo-European Germanic Romance Slavic Baltic Celtic Greek Iranian Indian Albanian Armenian Balto-Slavic Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Latvian Lithuanian East Slavic West Slavic South Slavic Russian Polish Serbo-Croatian Russian Czech Slovene Belarusian Slovak Bulgarian Sorbian Macedonian Old Prussian Cases in Indo-European NOM VOC ACC GEN ABL DAT LOC INST IE Sanskrit German English Lithuanian *wlk+os **wlk+e **wlk+om **wlk+osyo **wlk+od **wlk+oi **wlk+ei **wlk+o vrkas vrka vrkam vrkasya vrkad vrkaya vrke vrka der he den des him his dem vilkas vilke vilka vilko vilkui vilke vilku Celtic Celtic Gaelic Irish Scottish Welsh Manx Cornish Breton Sanskrit 700 English 500 400 Armenian Gothic 0 200 Latin 400 Classical Sanskrit 800 Greek 1000 Old Persian 1200 Hittite 1500 Vedic Sanskrit 3000 Proto Indo-European Second Germanic sound shift time tongue ten Zeit Zunge zehn that there through das da durch pan path pole Pfanne Pfad Pfahl hat eat let grip deep sleep hassen essen lassen greifen tief schlafen Numerals in Indo-European and non-IndoEuropean languages English Gothic Latin Greek Sanskrit Chinese Japanese one ains unus heis ekas i hitotsu two twai duo duo dva erh futatsu three Trija tres treis trayas san mittsu four fidwor quattuor tettares catvaras su yottsu five fimf quinque pente panca wu itsutsu six saihs sex heks sat liu muttsu seven sibun septem hepta sapta ch’i nanatsu eight ahtau octo okto asta pa yattsu nine niun novembe ennea nava chiu kokonotsu ten taihun decem dasa shih to deka Sound correspondences in IE English Latin Greek Irish fish father foot for piscis pater ped– pro ikhthys pater pod– para iasg athair troigh do six seven sweet salt sex septem suavis sal hexa hepta hedys hal se seacht millis salann new night nine novus noct– novem neos nykt– (en)nea nua (in)nocht naoi Sound correspondences across unrelated languages news time book service beggar Arabic xabar waqt kitab xidmat faqir Urdu xabar vaqt kitab xidmatgari faqir Turkish haber vakit kitap hizmet fakir Swahili habari wkati kitabu huduma fakiri Malay khabar waktu kitab khidmat fakir Sir William Jones Sound correspondences between Sanskrit, Latin and Greek Sanskrit asmi asi asti smas stha santi Latin sum es est sumus estis sunt Greek eini ei esti esmen este eisi August Schleicher Latin Old English Gothic /p/ /f/ pedum piscis fot fisc fotus fiskis /t/ /θ/ tres tu three [Tri] thou [TaU] thrir thuU /k/ /x/h/ cordem centum heart hundred hairto hund /b/ /p/ turba ‘crowd’ thorp ‘village’ /d/ /t/ edo decem eat ten itan taihun /g/ /k/ ager genus acre kin akrs kuni IE Old English Gothic *bhero *dhura *ghostis beran duru gasts baíra daúr giest /bh/ /b/ /dh/ /d/ /dh/ /d/ Grimm’s law *p t k f T x/h *b d g ptk *bh dh gh bdg Exceptions to Grimm’s law [p t k] [f T x] Sanskrit vártate varárta vavrtimá vavrta:ná [b d g] Old English weorTan wearT wurdon worden Verner’s law [p t k] [f T x] / [stressed syllable] __ [b d g] / [unstressed syllable] __ Neogrammarian Hypothesis Every sound change takes place according to laws that admit no exceptions. [Karl Brugmann] Evidence for the IE homeland Common words for: No common words for: cold ocean winter palm snow elephant honey camel wolf beech pine Amerind hypothesis Eskimo Na Dene Amerind Number of speakers Mandarin 907 English 456 Hindi 383 Spanish 362 Russian 293 Arabic 208 Bengali 189 Portuguese 177 Indonesian 148 Japanese 126 French 123 German 119 Nostratic Indo-European Altaic Uralic Afro-Asiatic Kartvelian
