Colonial Societies in the 18th
Century
Key Points for discussion
1. Name the European and Non-European
nationalities that contributed to the
population growth in the colonies
2. Characterize the 13 colonies in terms of
culture, gov’t, religion, family & social class
1.
COLONIAL
ECONOMY
DISCUSS THE ECONOMIES OF NEW
ENGLAND, MIDDLE COLONIES, &
SOUTHERN COLONIES
2. WHY DID BRITAIN PREFER
GOLD/SILVER OVER MONEY?
THE GREAT AWAKENGING
1. WHO WERE THE 2 MAJOR LEADERS OF
THIS MOVEMENT?
2. DISCUSS HOW THE GREAT
AWAKENING IMPACT THE POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS.
CULTURAL LIFE
1. DISCUSS COLONIAL LIFE IN TERMS
OF ARCHITECTURE, PAINTING,
LITERATURE, & SCIENCE
EDUCATION
1. DESCRIBE EDUCATION IN NE,
MIDDLE, AND SOUTHEN COLONIES
2. NAME SOME COLLEGES FOUND IN
THE 1700’S
PROFESSION, THE PRESS, &
POLITICS
1. HOW WERE PHYSICIANS,
LAWYERS, & MINISTERS TRAINED?
2. DISCUSS THE ZENGER CASE
Big Question
1. WAS COLONIAL SOCIETY
DEMOCRATIC (voting)?
Ch4 The Bonds of Empire
lecture w/ visuals
1660-1750
Colonial Resistance: the Glorious Revolution
• Charles II mad at Mass. for ignoring his decrees
– He carved New Hampshire out of Mass.
• James II consolidated Mass, N.H, CT, RI, & Plymouth =
Dominion of New England (Boston as capital) governed by army
officer Sir Edmund Andros
– Andros levied taxes, limited town meetings, revoked
land titles
• James II’s attempt to assert royal power led to
Glorious Rev. and William and Mary became
monarchs
Glorious Revolution: Impacted Colonies
•
•
•
•
Duke of York (James II) & Charles II
became catholic & Louis XIV launched
new persecutions of Huguenots
Glorious Rev.: bloodless; limited
monarchy defined by Bill of Rights;
dismantled New Dominion; voluntary
allegiance to England
Mass: Arrested Andros, retained royal
authority, crown appoints governor, vote
based on property rather than church
membership, tolerate protestants,
NY: Leisler Rebellion by Cp. Jacob Leisler
who fired on English troops ‘cause he
feared their loyalty to James II
–
•
•
He and son-in-law hanged for treason
MD: Lord Baltimore sent messenger to
direct colony to obey William & Mary but
died en route; John Coode organized
Protestant Association to secure MD for
W&M.
MD: retained royal decrees until Lord
Baltimore the 4th joined Church of England
& regained proprietorship; Catholics now
worship in private
Stuart Monarchs
Name, Reign
Relation to America
James I (1603 - 1625)
Refused to listen to Puritan demand for
reform
Charles I (1625 - 1649)
Irritated Puritans and Parliament; executed
Oliver Cromwell (1649 - 1658)
Interregnum
Established colonies in Jamaica & West
Indies
Charles II (1660 - 1685)
Allied England with France, a move that led
to war with the Dutch and the acquisition of
New Amsterdam (now New York) for
England. Charles II died in 1685.
James II (1685 - 1688)
consolidated Mass, N.H, CT, RI, & Plymouth =
Dominion of New England (Boston as capital)
Later Monarchs
Name, Reign
Relation to America
William III & Mary II 1689-1702
Collapse of Dominion of NE;
King William’s War
Anne 1702-1714
Queen Anne’s War 1702-1713
George I 1714-1727
Navigation Laws laxly enforced (salutary
neglect”
George II 1727-1760
GA founded; King George’s War (War of
Austrian Succession) & French and Indian
War (7 Yrs. War)
George III 1760-1820
American Revolution 1775-1783
1689-1713: Irony: Glorious Rev
ushered in 1/4C of warfare
•
1689 English joined European against Louis XIV who
supported James II claim to English throne =
•
New Yorkers and N. Englanders invaded N.
France in 1690 (2 prong failed: Quebec &
Montreal)
Ended up w/ cruel border raids on civilians
by French & English plus their respective
Native allies
Iroquois (sided w English) against French &
their virtually all Indians from Maine to G.
Lakes
1691 every Mohawk & Oneida war chief
died; 1696 all villages of Iroquois destroyed
except Cayugas and Oneidas
ended 1697; ¼ of Confederacy’s 2,000
died/imprisoned vs. 1,300 English, Dutch, &
French lives
Iroquois divided after war: ProEnglish,
proFrench, Neutral (led diplomacy)
Grand Settlement of 1701: made peace w/
France & allies for access to western furs;
allied w/ Br w/out military cooperation
Recuperated population ; gain recognition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
War of the League of Augsburg
(King William’s War)
1689-1713: Irony: Glorious Rev
ushered in 1/4C of warfare
• French & Indian raided Mass. &
(Queen Anne’s War 1702)
Maine; Spanish invaded Carolina
War of Spanish Succession
• colonial sieges of St. Augustine &
Quebec = expensive failures
• England had more successes: took
Hudson Bay & Newfoundland &
Acadia (Nova Scotia)
• English kept these in Treaty of Utrecht
in 1713 as Fr & Indian held on to
interior
• Important result of wars for AngloAmerican =- political, not military:
acknowledge their dependence on
newly formed England (union w/
Scottland) & identify w/ Protestantism
& Briton
Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660-1750:
• Peace in 1713 allowed Br & Fr to subordinate its colonies; Spain
had difficulty w/ colonies north of Mex.
• Mercantilism =economic doctrine: gov’t regulates trade;
– colonies were to provide raw materials to parent country w/ one only:
To enrich the parent country
• Acts of Trade and Navigation: series 1650-73
–
–
–
–
Trade by only English and colonial ships
Goods into colonies pass only through English ports
Certain goods can only go to England
Barred export of enumerated goods: tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, &
naval stores
– Tobacco & rice got monopoly though it hurts British consumers
– Molasses Act 1733: taxed foreign molasses entering mainland colonies
at 6pence/gallon
• Tariff to protect British West Indian sugar producers against Fr
– Fr & Sp: wealth controlled by monarch, nobility, & C. Church in
form of land not liquid; England’s wealth owned by merchants by
reinvestment
Effects of Navigation Acts
•
•
•
•
•
•
New England shipbuilding prospered
Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England
Protection from French & Spanish attacks
Limited colonial manufacturing
Chesapeake farmers got low prices
Colonist paid high prices for manufacturing goods
from England
• Colonial resistance/resentment of England
• Enforcement by revoking Mass. Bay charter
•
•
•
•
•
Merchant ships follow three
part trade route
Start out w/ rum from New
England
Cross the Atlantic to W.
Africa to trade rum for
captive slaves
From Africa to West Indies
(horrific Middle Passage) to
trade slaves for sugarcane
From W. Indies to New
England where sugar is used
to make rum
Immigration and British Colonial
Expansion, to 1755
• English N. America: 250,000 nonIndian vs. 15,000 Fr and 4,500 Sp
colonists; all quadrupled in size by
mid 18C
• Sp lacked immigrants due to
remoteness of FL, TX, NM;
• Fr lacked due to harsh winters in
Canada & stagnant Lousiana &
restricted to Roman Catholics only
causing Huguenots to English
colonies; sent paupers & criminals,
large scale slave imports
–
2/3 lower Louisiana = slaves by 1732
• English colonies outpaced pop of Fr &
Sp AND Britain (ratio 20:1 down to
3:1)
• pop increased more to natural births
than immigration (350,000 : 40%
Africans…SC & GA liked Gambians
due to rice)
Map 4.3: French and Spanish
Occupation of North America, to
1750
20
Figure 4.1: Distribution of Non-Indian
Nationalities Within the British Mainland
Colonies, 1700–1755
21
Rural White Men & Women
Young adults got a 6th or 7th of parent’s estate; most rent farm until
mid 30s; many young men turned to frontier, port city, or high seas
Farmers supplemented income w/ seasonal or part time work
(carpentry, trapped furs, gather honey/beeswax, make cider,
shingles, turpentine
• Pay mortgage: 1/3 down, 1/3 inheritance, 1/3 from teenage
children = debt free by late 50s
• Women worked as much as men: cook, clean, preserve food,
boiled soap, saw, garden, dairy, orchard, poultry house, pigsty,
spin, knit
– Br colonial Women chose husband but lose control of dowry (except in
NY Dutch custom)
• Although controlled 6-8% of all property in 18C: Eliza Pinckney in SC
– Fr & Sp colonial women retain ownership of property brought to
marriage
Colonial Farmers & Environment
• earliest colonists farmed lands cleared by
Natives; farmers in 18C must clear forest
(most fertile)
Timber = houses, barns, fences, fuel, firewood
sold to cities: no more firewood in
Savannah’s after 6 yrs. of GA’s founding
• Deforestation: away w/ bears, panthers,
turkeys but attract rabbits, mice, possums
– Hotter summers & colder winters increase
usage of firewood
– Heavier flooding & drier streambeds &
extensive swamps
– Reduced fish: less stable temp. & water level
+ drifting timbers
• John Bartram, naturalist, lamented in 1766
– Dryer & hardened soil
• Unlike Natives, colonist refused to rotate
(leaving unplanted land to replenish)
• Don’t use manure for tobacco & move inland
for fresher land = soil erosion
Urban Paradox
• Phila, Boston, & NY: poor (fr Europe & colonial countryside)
increased
– ½ children died before 21 & adults died 10 yr earlier than country folk
• density & diseases & poor sanitation
• rampant unemployment due to seasonal hiring only
– wealth highly concentrated: NY’s richest 10% owned 45% property throughout
18C
• similar pattern of polarization of status in Boston & Phila
• Charles Town = 4th largest = sheltered planters during hot summers
– Shanties on outskirts for poor whites, who compete for work w/ urban slaves
rented out by masters
• middle-class urban women = less manual drudgery but managed
complex households
– raise poultry, veg., sew & knit but buy cloth& food daily at markets
– managed servants who cook & clean = higher urban standard on cleanliness
• poor wives housed boarders instead of servants & wove cloths for
local merchants
– frowned upon by clergy & rich; different than J. Winthrop’s teaching of caring
for the dependence
Land of Immigrants
Higher wages & employment in Br reduced immigrants to
colonies but 100,000 Irish newcomers
• 2/3 = Scots-Irish = Scottish Presbyterians in N. Irland to
escape rack renting
– families
• Catholic Irish came as unmarried males (90%)
– married Protestant wives
• 125,000 Germans from misery of Rhine Valley due to
wartime
– came as servants; Lutheran or Calvinists
• Philadelphia = entry port = only 1/3 pop were English by
1755 & some wandered to upper NY & some to w. MD
– Many Irish & Germans came through Charles Town & moved on
to Carolina Piedmont
• White Convict laborers = less free = came as servants =
committed harmless crimes in Br
– Ben Franklin offered to send rattlesnakes to Br.
Figure 4.2: Populations of Boston,
New York, and Philadelphia, 1690–
1776
26
The Institution of Slavery
• A few thousand slaves in 1670 to tens of
thousands in early 18th century
• By 1750, half of VA’s population & 2/3 of
S.C’s were slaves
Why high demand?
• Reduced migration from England
• Planters required dependable work force
• Cheap labor
African Origins of North
American Slaves, 1690–1807
Middle Passage: Venture Smith 1735
on ship of 260 but only 200 alive
• 1713-54 blacks doubled; mainly
southern but 15% above MD
• 1750 every 7th New Yorker = slave
• only 5% to mainland US; many
went to Brazil and W Indies
• lack of male slaves led to
cultivation of health & high birth:
– 1750 natural pop increase for
blacks equal that of whites\
– creoles (Amer. Born slaves) had
more autonomy than African born
Slave Laws
• 1641 Mass.: bondage for life & hereditary
• 1661 Va: Children inherit mother’s slave
status
• 1664 MD: Baptism did not affect slave status;
white women could not marry A.A. men
(Chapter 4)
Architect’s Plan of a Slave Ship
(Chapter 4) Architect’s Plan of a Slave Ship
The trans-Atlantic trade that contributed to
the phenomenal development of Europe's most
prosperous American colonies consisted not only
of raw materials and finished products but also of
human beings. More specifically it entailed the
shipping to the Americas of millions of enslaved
Africans, most often to produce such products as
sugar, tobacco, and rice that made planters,
merchants, and shippers wealthy. Bent on
maximizing profits to the exclusion of all other
considerations, slave traders and shipmasters
treated their human commodities as cargo rather
than as passengers. This dimension of the “Middle
Passage,” as slaves’ transatlantic voyage is often
termed, is starkly illustrated in this plan drawn by
the architect of the British slave ship, the Brookes.
Figures I, II, and III are cutaway views of
the Brookes from the right, front, and rear
respectively, while the others are from above.
Figure IV represents the deck, figure V a platform
just above the deck, and Figures VI and VII two
additional levels in the stern. The three cutaways
show that the slaves were not only packed tightly
together but could not stand up in the places where
they were confined. It is clear that the Brookes, like
many other slave ships, was deliberately designed
to carry as many slaves as could possibly be
crammed aboard, without regard for health,
sanitation, or basic decency. Indeed the design of
the ship is so carefully thought out that its planners
certainly calculated that some slaves on each
voyage would die and have to be thrown
overboard.
1.
What are the European racial attitudes
reflected in the design of the Brookes? What
are the various emotional reactions that such
conditions must have caused among the
enslaved Africans it carried?
Slave Wages
• economic progress = master can keep slaves healthy but rarely comfortable
– spent 40% of amount used to upkeep servant
– blacks work on much longer portion of their lives than whites
• black children work full time between 11-14
• black women work on crops outdoor, in winter even pregnant
• all toil until death; those reached 60 rarely performed hard labor
• task system in SC & GA: had some free time to control ¼ acre & sell excess
– Sampson in 1728 earned enough to buy a slave to replace him
• gang system in Chesapeake offer less free time: dusk to dawn
• SC: autonomy disappeared as blacks became majority due to slave laws
– Dress code, 9pm curfew, slave patrols
– Slave uprising in 1729: Stono Rebellion: 20 blacks took ammunition & marched to Sp.
FL
• Killed 20 whites & burned 7 plantations before crushed by SC militia
• Cruel aftermath; reinforced SC as rigid, racist, fear-ridden society
• NYC 20% slave by mid cent; black as majority in Savannah & Charles Town.:
– urban masters rent out for $$; lived apart from master alongside freed slaves
– mostly creoles: cooper, shipwrights, rope makers, goldsmith, cabinetmakers
– rebellion in NYC 1712 killed 9 whites: 18 slaves hanged/tortured to death & 6 suicide
• 1741 NY (theft & fires) led to 26 slaves + 4 white accomplish executed & 70 sold
to W.Indies
Rise of Colonial Elite
• 1700 class structure not apparent
due to lack of display until
mercantilist trade flourished
• Shirley Plantation
• richest 2% owned 15% property:
– Cornelius Low House (NJ) = most
splendid house in 1741
– Shirley Mansion in VA
• 2nd richest 2-10% hold 25% of
property: woodframe houses
(Whitehall in RI)
• colonial gentry imitate European’s
(more Br) styles: carriages intead
of wagon, chinaware, books,
furniture, musical instrument,
foreign languages & formal
dances, polite manners,
horseracing instead of cockfighting
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750:
FRANCE & NATIVES
N. Orleans est. 1718: staunchest ally is Choctaws (proEnglish & proFrench factions)
Louisiana: corrupt gov’t,. failed economy, both blacks & whites had to hunt, fish, gather, trade
w/ Natives
• Natives: corn, bear oil, tallow, deerskins to French: blankets, kettles, axes,chickens, hogs,
guns, & alcohol
• Indians from W. brought horses, cattle (stolen fr Sp TX): Africans familiar w/ cattle &
managed Louisana’s herd
• Some blacks = illicit beef traders
• Upper Louisiana (Illinois): better off by exporting wheat but limited by remote location
France counter Br in Ohio Valley, after securing Canada & Miss. Valley
• Valley peace since 1701 due to Iroquois’ neutrality
• Indian refugees: Kickapoos, Mascounten (upper G. Lakes), Shawnees, Delawares, Seneca
Iroquois
–
Fr traded w/ these & Detroit & other posts became villages of Indians, Fr, & metis
•
•
•
English came w/ better goods & lower prices = Indians steer independent
Chickasaws, pro-Carolina, attacked Fr & Native allies
Fr. brutal to Natchez Indian (last Miss. Culture) for plantation land; enslaved many Indians
for labor in Louisiana, IL, Canada, & W. Indies
–
–
Traveled as far as N. Dakota & CO buying beavers & Indian Slaves on the Gr. Plains
Lakota Sioux & Comanches moved to Plains, as adopted to horses (left by Sp after Peublo Revolt) &
guns
Competing for a Continent, 17131750: Britain & Natives in Carolina
Carolina: Br took lands, enslaved & kidnap Tuscarora Indians
(Iroquoian speaking) led to Indians destroying New Bern
• NC enlisted S. C. & Indian Allies to war: 1000 Tuscarora (1/5
pop) killed; Indian surrendered & wandered to NY to become
Iroquois’ 6th Nation
• Yamasees (ally of Carolina) tired of cheating, violence, &
enslavement: allied w/ Catawba & Creeks to attack English
– English won due to help of Cherokees & arming of 400 slaves
– Yamasees still alive fled to FL or Creek towns in interior
– Catawbas pressured from Eng. & well-armed Iroquois turned back to S.C
guns, food, & clothing by ceding land & help defend colony
• Iroquois Confederacy forged COVENANT CHAIN w/ colonists
– Help Britain take lands from other Indians
• King Philip’s War in Mass & Susquehannock Indians
• PA (Penn’s sons) cheated on Delawares = Walking Purchase
Competing for a Continent, 17131750: Britain & Natives in GA
• Georgia: Br (Oglethorpe) ignored Spain’s claimed &
bought GA from Creek ; subsidized by Br gov’t for refuge
for honest debtors
– Founded Savannah in 1733 = port of entry
– 1740: mostly Germans, Swiss, Scott, some Jews = most inclusive
culture of Br. Colonies in early GA
• Oglethorpe hated slavery: degrades blacks, makes whites
lazy, against principle of relieving distress, risk Sp.
Exploitation & slave revolts
– Only colony to outlaw slavery; landholdings no more than 5 acres
– Oglethorpe’s colony failed due to: few debtors due strict rules,
landholding rules, slave ban
• Gave up GA; GA boomed when slavery legalized & landholding banned
(Chapter 4) Slave-Raiding Expedition
in New Mexico
While Africans were the primary targets of
European slave traders, Native Americans were by no
means exempt from forced labor for Europeans.
English, French, and Spanish alike made slaves of
Native Americans captured in raids and wars or
acquired in trade from allied Indians. On the southern
Plains and in the Southwest, Apaches and other Indians
retaliated for such raids—and compensated for the loss
of those captured—by seizing Spaniards, especially
children. They also sought livestock for starting their
own herds, as well as corn and European-made goods.
This buffalo hide painting, probably drawn by
one of the Indian raiders, depicts a Spanish-sponsored
raid on an encampment of enemy Indians. Although all
but one of the raiders are Native American, they all ride
horses, wear metal armor, and carry European
weapons. On the other hand, their opponents are on
foot and armed only with bows and arrows. Behind them
stands a wooden palisade that protects their women
and children. The defenders’ appearance and their
mountain location indicate that they are probably
Apaches.
The painting graphically depicts the balance of
power in the raids and counter-raids that characterized
life in the eighteenth-century Southwest. While Apache
raiders often succeeded by using surprise and stealth,
they were outnumbered and outgunned by the Spanish
and their Pueblo and other Indian allies. The likely result
of the skirmish depicted here was the death of most of
the male defenders and the capture of the women and
children. While a few of the captives might have ended
up as servants in local Spanish households, most were
probably taken southward to work in silver mines in the
province of Zacatecas.
1.
Why might have motivated the Indian artist
to make a painting of the raid? Why did
some Indians side with the Spanish in their
raids on other Indians?
(Chapter 4)
Slave-Raiding
Expedition in
New Mexico
Competing for a Continent, 17131750: Spain & Natives
• Award 26sq.mile for town of 10 families; seek repopulation after Peublo
Revolt
• live-stock raising ranchos: influenced culture of cowboy, lariat/roping
skills, cattle drives & rodeo (roundups) & live stock branding
• 1750 New Mexico = 14Th & ½ of them are Peublo Indians now cooperated
w/ Spanish: both attacked by Apaches
• TX (Antonio & Guadlupe Rivers, San Antonio Bexar = Alamo) precarious
– Indians in TX preferred trading w/ French than farming, Christianity, & ineffective
Sp protection
• FL: neutrality w/ Creeks after 1715
– Compete w/ deerskin trade w/ Fr & BR
– Accepted run-away slaves (Mose, FL)
– Few colonists just like TX
• By 1750
– Sp = Southeast & Southwest
– Fr = Miss, Ohio, & MO River valleys + Great Lakes & Canada
– Br= compact, wealthy, high pop & expansionists
The Return of War, 1739-1748(
War of Jenkin’s Ear)
Br pretext: Spain cut off ear of smuggler named Jenkins;
Oglethorpe assault FL in ’40 but failed to take St. Augustine
• 3,000 Spanish & slave refugee fr SC repelled GA’s attack in
‘42
• 3,500 Br assault on Cartagena (Columbia) but ½ died)
• Anglo-Sp War merged w/ 2nd one in Europe = War of
Austrian Succession = King George’s War in Br. America
– Few battles but attacks & counterattacks on civilians in Northeast
• Many Eng women & children chose to stay with French & Indians
– William Pepperell of Maine led 4,000 to capture Louisbourg at St.
Lawrence River entrance
• After 3 yrs, Louisbourg traded for Br. Outpost in India = Treaty of AixlaChappelle ‘48
Colonial Politics 1689-1750
Glorius Rev led to colonial legislatures (assemblies) except CT & RI &
governor named council in Mass
• Colonists saw their legislatures as House of Commons
• Dominated by elite planters, merchants, & attorneys = wealthiest 2%
• Assembly requirement: 1000 acres = bar 80% white male from office
• Voters: white male w/ 40-50 acres…most could by age 40
• Rural voter turnout: 45%, higher than US today
– Bad road, pressured to side w/ elite, irregular election, indifferent
– But pattern changed
• Eastern seaport: competitive between elite either for or against royal or
proprietor governors
– NY 1733: Lewis Morris ruled against Governor William Cosby, who then
suspended him as chief justice
• Morris: NY weekly Newsjournal accused Cosby of corruption
• Cosby’s supporters arrested journal’s printer, John P. Zenger for libeling Cosby
– Trial acquitted Zenger; encouraged broader political participation beyond small elite, trend of
lawyers speak directly to jury
» Empowering nonelite as voter, juror, reader
Enlightenment: literacy & education allowed trans-Atlantic
world of ideas & beliefs 1689-1750
• NE: 90% white male & 40% white women can sign
documents (compared to 1/3 in England)
• Enlightenment: human reason; skepticism toward
beliefs not founded on science or strict logic; top down
gradual approach to change
– Isaac Newton (1642-1727): how gravity ruled the uni.
– Ben Franklin: printer, author, discovered lightning =
electricity
– Thomas Jefferson: championed progress through science
– John Locke: ideas (religion) = not inborn
– Bible conflicted w/ reason…follow reason
– Deists: God leaves uni. alone to operate by natural law
– Later challenged by the Great Awakening
The Great Awakening = European Protestant revivalism
spread to Br. America 1739
appeals to emotion rather than logic & reflects anxiety about sin, salvation & crosses gender,
class, & race
• diphtheria killed very 10th child
• depict emptiness of material comfort, corrupt human nature, divine wrath,
repentance
• William Tennent (& son Gilbert Tennent), Theodore Frelinghuysen, Jonathon
Edwards (Mass), George Whitefield arrived 1739, James Davenport
– Prayer meetings called Refreshing
– Whitefield’s eloquence even moved Ben Franklin
– G. Tennent & Davenport corroded support of established ministers & officials
• G. Tennent published The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry
• Led parishioners to question establishment
• Charles Chauncy (Boston Congregationalist) responded: epidemic of the enthusiasm
– Signs to look for: foamy mouth, wildness in their eyes, quakings/tremblingsof limbs
– New Lights vs. Old Light (revivalist vs. rationalist clergy) = Whitefied vs. A.Garden
– Great Awakening caused splits in Amer Protestantism; different branches emerged in
1758 w/ revivalist victorious (Presbyterian & Baptist)
• 1760 seccession of New Lights led to crack down by Old Lights
• arrest New Lights for not paying tithes; denied legal status
• revivalist Elisha Paine preached from jail & got sympathy
– New Lights controlled Conn’s assembly in 1759
G. Awakening marked the diminishing influence of Quaker,
Anglicans & Congregationalists
• Weakened est. denominations
• New colleges independent of each other:
–
–
–
–
–
–
College of N.Jersy ‘46(Princeton. New Light)
King’s College ‘54(Columbia, Anglican)
College of Rhode Island ‘64 (Brown, Baptist)
Queens College ’66 (Rutgers, Dutch Reformed)
Dartmouth College ’69 (Congregationalists)
Only ONE nonsectarian college by Ben Franklin & others: College of Phil = Uni
of Penn
• begins black Protestantism as New Lights reached out to blacks &
Indians
• Women granted rights to speak out & vote in church
– Sarah Osborne (New Port, RI): presided meetings included male & slaves
• Not persecuted like Anne Hutchinson a century ago under Puritans
• led to coexistence of denominations & foundation for questioning
authority (revolution) & allow colonies to emerge from provincial
isolation
Protestant Reformation Produces
Puritanism
Protestant
• Anglican, Calvinists, Lutheran
• French Huguenots, Scottish Presbyterians,
Puritans, Dutch Reformed Church
Calvinists
Puritans
• beliefs: predestination, conversion
• Purest Puritans (Separatists): left Anglican Church
• Moderate Puritans: reform from within
Rational Religion
Deism: Ben Franklin, T Jefferson, Newton
• Use reason to understand universe
• Rejects that Bible is literally true
Universalism: attracted working-class (John
Murray 1779)
• Salvation of all men and women
• God is too good to damn man
Unitarianism : Well-educated Englanders like J Adams ,
Emerson (William Ellery Channing)
• Within Congregational churches but r ejects trinity and divinity of Jesus
• Liberal churches called themselves Unitarian
• Man too good to be damned
Great Awakening: Evangelism
• 1st Great Awakening: J Edwards
• Audience: lonely frontier,
women
• 2nd G. Awakening 1800
Infallible Bible
Baptist
No hierarchy
Free will,
Innate depravity
Methodist
Centralized,
horseback
– Presbygationalist
– Baptist
– Methodist: Francis Asbury, Peter
Cartwright
– `largest Protestant church in 1840
• Burned-over District: Western
NY
– Charles Grandison Finney
• Collective conversion to overcome
lonely decision
Burned-Over District Gave Rise
to Mormanism