EDUC 7100, Educational Technology
A Timeline Approach
Created by Donna Parker
The Six Strands…
• Strand One
• Strand Two
• Strand Three
• Strand Four
• Strand Five
• Strand Six
Wave Theory
Technology
Work
Education
Society and Culture
Special Populations
Toffler’s First Wave
Agricultural Age
8000 BC – 1750
The planting and harvesting of food caused
people to begin to live together and form
civilized communities. The land provided a
source of income, families worked and lived
together, cultures took root and flourished.
(Toffler, 1980)
Toffler’s Second Wave
Industrial Revolution Age
1750 - 1955
People began to leave farming and move to cities
where they could work in factories. Technology
began to change and what was formerly powered by
humans was now powered by coal, oil, and gas.
Gadgets formerly used by man, where incorporated
into the building of machines that were used in
factories to make firearms, watches, farm equipment,
textiles, etc. (Toffler, 1980)
1902 – The Cadillac was founded by Henry
Leland.
http://www.cadillac.com/experience/historyheritage.html
1906 – The Victor-Victrola is introduced to the
public. http://www.victorvictrola.com/History%20of%20the%20Victor%20P
honograph.htm
1900 - Association of American Universities
formed to promote high standards among
colleges.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educatio
nhistorytimeline.html#1900
1901 - Progressive Education - John Dewey
establish a laboratory school which was based
on children learning better in informal setting.
http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/
1012.html
1903 – Ivan Pavlov introduces his concept of
the conditioned reflex, an
important component of classical conditioning.
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medi
cine/laureates/1904/pavlov-bio.html
1900 - 1909
Strand 2
Strand 3
1909 – Bakelite, 100% synthetic plastic, is
introduced.
http://www.thestreet.com/story/11173297/10/10
0-events-that-changed-business-1900-2000.html
Strand 4
Strand 5
1905 - Development of the intelligence test by
Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon makes it possible
to identify or LABEL those with mental
retardation. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1907 - Eugenic Sterilization Law Spreads Like
Wildfire. Indiana becomes the first state to enact
a eugenic sterilization law—for "confirmed idiots,
imbeciles and rapists"—in state institutions. The
law spreads like wildfire and is enacted in 24 other
states. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1902 – The Anthracite Coal Strike in Pennsylvania.
Miners strike for wage increases, shorter work
day, and the right to unionize.
http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Coal190
2.
html
Strand 6
1902 – Virginia constitution is amended to
mandate school segregation (Jim Crow laws )
http://www.shmoop.com/jim-crow/
timeline.html
1909 – Nickelodeon, a nickel theater opens in
Pittsburgh.
http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/17567
1913 - Ford installs the first moving assembly line
for making cars.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/
dt13as.html
1919 –Pop-up toaster hits the market.
http://www.livescience.com/5980-100-yearsamazing-technology-1910.html
1911 – First Montessori School opens in
Scarborough, NY.
http://www.amshq.org
1913 – Connectionism - Edward Thorndike
publishes a book that describes his theory that
human learning involves habit formation, or
connections between stimuli and responses.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/education
historytimeline.html#1900
1910 - 1919
Strand 2
Strand 3
1914 – Kodak built a 16-story office building, the
company's present
worldwide headquarters, was completed at 343 State
Street, in Rochester. Three more stories were added
in 1930
.http://www.kodak.com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/His
tory_of_Kodak/Milestones_-_chronology/18781929.htm
1913 - Birth of the "modern" cigarette: RJ Reynolds
introduces Camel
.http://www.historian.org/bysubject/tobacco3.htm
Strand 4
1916 – The American Federation of Teachers
(AFT) is founded.
http://www.aft.org
1919 – The Progressive Education Association is
founded with the goal of reforming American
Education. http://www.parkcce.org
1912 - Titanic Sinks on it’s maiden voyage.
http://www.titanic-facts.com
Strand 5
1918 - Funding for Rehabilitation. As a result of the
large number of WWI veterans returning with
disabilities, Congress passes the first major
rehabilitation program for soldiers.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1919 - Easter Seals, Model Charitable Organization
formed by Edgar Allen who also founded the Ohio
Society for Crippled Children, which becomes the
national Easter Seals organization. It serves as a
model for many of today's charitable organizations.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
Strand 6
1912 - Girl Scouts first meeting in the US in
Savannah, GA.
http://www.main.org/gsusa/histry.htm
1920 - 1929
1927 – Jacob Schick invented the Electric Razor.
http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/1920s.html)
1929 - Kodak introduced its first motion picture film
designed especially for making the then new sound
motion pictures.
http://www.kodak.com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/Hist
ory_of_Kodak/Milestones_-_chronology/18781929.htm
1924 - Max Wertheimer describes the Gestalt
Theory with its emphasis on learning through
insight and grasping the whole concept.
http://www.gestalttheory.net/cms/index.php?pag
e=archive1
1926 – SAT first administered.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhi
storytimeline.html#1900
Strand 2
1920 – Radio Corporation of America is founded
with $20 million capital.
http://www.enotes.com/1920-businesseconomy-american-decades/important-eventsbusiness-economy
Strand 3
Strand 4
1929 – Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development become an important
influence in American developmental psychology
and education.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
Strand 5
1927 – Supreme Court rules Compulsory
Sterilization Ruled Constitutional
under "careful" state safeguards.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1920 – 18th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution – prohibits sale and
manufacturing of alcohol goes into effect.
http://www.history.com/topics/18th-and21st-amendments)
1927 – First sound movie, The Jazz Singer,
premiers.
http://www.afi.com/100years/quotes.aspx
1920 - a bill funding vocational rehabilitation
guarantees federal money for job counseling and
vocational training for disabled in the general
public. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1925 - Study of Dyslexia begins with a hypothesis
that it could be neurological versus visual, and
that it was likely connected to left-handedness.
His first assumption is right. His second one, not
so. http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1921 - The Eastman (Kodak) Savings and Loan
Association was established to help employees
save and to finance home purchases. It
remained part of the company until it became a
self-standing credit union in
http://www.kodak.com/ek/US/en/Our_Compan
y/History_of_Kodak/Milestones__chronology/1878-1929.htm
Strand 6
1930 - 1939
1937 – The first jet engine is
built.http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines
/a/twentieth_4.htm
1939 – Electron Microscope invented
http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/tw
entieth_4.htm
Strand 2
Strand 3
1938 – B.F. Skinner uses the term Operant
Conditioning which he defined as
changing of behavior by using reinforcements
after the correct response is given.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/operantconditioning.html
1938 – American Chester F. Carlson made the
first copy by an electrostatic process called
xerography.
http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade30.html
1933 – 3M company marketed scotch tape.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930s
Strand 4
1939 – The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is
developed by David Wechsler.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/education
historytimeline.html#1900
Strand 5
1936 – Bass Guitar was invented by Paul
Tutmarc of Seattle, WA.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930s
1937 – first blood bank is opened at Chicago’s
Cook County Hospital.
http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade30.html
1932 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt helps
found the National Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis (now known as the March of Dimes).
His leadership in this organization is one reason
he is commemorated on the dime.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1935 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the
Social Security Act, establishing a program of
permanent assistance to adults with disabilities.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
Strand 6
1940 - 1949
1946 – First computer, ENIAC, was announced
and filled an entire room!
http://ei.cs.vt.edu/%7Ehistory/ENIAC.Richey.H
TML
1948 – Cable television is invented/tested in
Lansford, PA.
http://transition.fcc.gov/omd/history/tv/19301959.html
Strand 2
1942 – Car production ceases because of the
war.
http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade40.html
Strand 3
1944 – The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of
1944, referred to as the GI Bill of Rights, allowed
more men than ever before to get a college
education.http://www.gibill.va.gov/benefits/histo
ry_timeline/index.html
1947 – The Truman Commission Report is issued
and recommends sweeping changes in higher
education including doubling college enrollment
by 1960.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhi
storytimeline.html#1900
1941- Rosemary Kennedy, twenty-three year old
sister of John F. Kennedy Institutionalized after
Failed Lobotomy done as a "cure" for lifelong
mild retardation and aggressive behavior that
surfaces in late adolescence. Her sister, Eunice
Kennedy Shriver, later founds the Special
Olympics in Rosemary's honor. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1948 - Dr. Howard A. Rusk founds the Rusk
Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine in New York
City, where he develops techniques to improve
the health of injured veterans from World War
II. His theory focused on treating the emotional,
psychological and social aspects of individuals
with disabilities and later became the basis for
modern rehabilitation medicine.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1948 – Congress passes the Economic
Cooperation Act that authorizes the Marshall
Plan to help war-torn countries rebuild after
WWII.
http://www.loc.gov/exhibi
ts/marshall/mars.html
Strand 4
Strand 5
Strand 6
1941 – U.S. enters WWII after the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor.
http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.html
1943 – Almost all single women in America are
working because men are away fighting in WWII.
http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade40.html
1950 - 1959
Strand 1
1957 – 1st television remote control is invented.
http://transition.fcc.gov/omd/history/tv/19301959.html
1955 – Researchers announced that the Salk vaccine
had proven effective in preventing polio which was
celebrated by all!
www.shmoop.com/1950s/science-technology.html
1953 – B.F. Skinner’s Science and Human Behavior is
published and his form of behaviorism (operant
conditioning) influences many aspects of American
education.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhist
orytimeline.html#1900
1956 – Bloom’s Taxonomy, still widely used today,
divides the cognitive domain into six levels:
knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis,
synthesis and evaluation.
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html
1950 - Parents of youth diagnosed with mental
retardation found the Association for Retarded
Citizens (ARC). The association works to change the
public's ideas and give individuals with mental
retardation the ability to succeed in life and grow,
develop, and live in communities across the nation.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1950 - Disabled veterans and people with disabilities
begin the barrier-free movement. The combined
efforts of the Veterans Administration, The
President's Committee on Employment of the
Handicapped, and the National Easter Seals Society,
among others, results in the development of
national standards for "barrier-free" buildings.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
The introduction of the computer was
instrumental in bringing about the
beginning of the third wave. This was
followed by advances in outer space
Toffler’s Third Wave exploration, interest in artificial
Information Age intelligence, religious sects, new
educational theories, political shifts, influx
of European immigrants, growth of
corporations, the idea of job sharing or
working from home, etc. (Toffler, 1980)
Strand 2
Strand 3
1956 – Lillian Vernon publishes their first mailorder catalogue in black and white and mails it to
125,000 customers.
www.lillianvernon.com/customerService/Index/C
ompanyTimeline
1956 - The Federal Highway Act is signed marking
the beginning of work on the interstate highway
system.
http://wwwappskc.lonestar.edu/popculture/deca
de50.html
Strand 4
Strand 5
1953 – Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are
electrocuted for their part in WWII espionage.
http://wwwappskc.lonestar.edu/popculture/deca
de50.html
1954 – The Supreme Court rules racial segregation
in public schools is illegal.
http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.htm
Strand 6
1962 – first artificial communications satellite
named Telstar beamed a picture across the
Atlantic Ocean.
www.cbc.ca/news/technology/story/2012/07/1
0/f-telstar.html
1969 – Dr. Denton A. Cooley was the first heart
surgeon to successfully implant an artificial heart
in a human. The man lived for three days.
http://www.texasheart.org/AboutUs/History/co
oley.cfm
1960 – David K. Berlo developed the SMCR
model of communication that used the sourcemessage-channel-receiver concept.
http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/
Communication%20Models.htm
1966 – Jerome Bruner’s constructivist theory
states that learning is an active process, and
learners use past experiences and knowledge to
formulate new ideas.
http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/co
nstructivist.html
1960 - 1969
Strand 2
Strand 3
1968 - First International Special Olympics Games.
Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded the Special
Olympics in 1962 to provide athletic training and
competition for persons with intellectual
disabilities. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1961 – Big 3 discount chains – Wal-mart, Target
and Kmart – all
debute.www.adage.com/article/75-years-ofideas/1960s
Strand 4
1963 – President John F. Kennedy is
assassinated.
http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.htm)
Strand 5
1962 - Ed Roberts, a young man with polio, fights
for Admission to UC, Berkeley. After his admission
is rejected, he fights to get the decision
overturned. He becomes the father of the
Independent Living Movement and helps establish
the first Center for Independent Living (CIL).
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
1961 – GM introduced three smaller car models:
the Buick Special, Oldsmobile F-85, and the
Pontiac Tempest.
www.anythingaboutcas.com/1960s-car.html
Strand 6
1964 – Beatles’ U.S. debut on “The Ed Sullivan
Show”.
www.adage.com/article/75-years-ofideas/1960s-creativity-breaking-rules/102704/
1970 - 1979
1971 – first video game “Galaxy Game” was
operated by coins and was introduced at
Stanford University.
www.buzzle.com/articlestechnology-in1970s.html
Strand 2
1975 – First digital camera with a resolution of
0.01 megapixels is introduced.
www.buzzle.com/articlestechnology-in1970s.html
1973-1974 – OPEC Oil Embargo.
http://history.state.gov/milestones/1969197/OPEC
Strand 3
1970 – Piaget’s book, The Science of Education,
is published. His learning cycle model becomes
a popular option for teaching in the area of
science since it focuses on discovery learning.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/education
historytimeline.html#1900
1974 – The Equal Education Opportunities Act is
passed. Schools can not discriminate and
actions need to be taken to make sure
discrimination does not occur.
http://lawhighereducation.com/52-equaleducational-opportunities-act-eeoa.html
1973 - Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of
1973 makes it illegal for federal agencies, public
universities, and other public institutions
receiving any federal funds to discriminate on
the basis of disability. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1975 - The Education for Handicapped Children
Act of 1975—now called the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is signed into
law. It guarantees a free, appropriate, public
education for all children with disabilities in the
least restrictive environment. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1979 – Federal Reserve refuses to supply more
money causing interest rates to rise, consumer
spending to decrease and business borrowing to
slow down.
http://Economics.about.com/od/useconomichis
tory/a/stagflation.htm
Strand 4
Strand 5
1974 – Richard M. Nixon is the first
President to resign from office.
http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.htm
l
1975 – P.L. 94-142 or the Education for all
Handicapped Children Act goes into effect.
www.public.findlaw.com/bookshelfdisability-rights-laws/anchor65310html
Strand 6
1980 - 1989
1982 – IBM PC is debuted to general public.
www.electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/
other-gadgets/80s-tech.htm#page=1
1984 – Apple released the Macintosh
computer with Graphical User Interface.
www.electronics.howstuffworks.com/gadgets/
other-gadgets/80s-tech.htm#page=1
Strand 2
1984 – Cisco is founded by Leonard Bposack and
Sandra Lerner.
http://www.scaruffi.com/
politics/20th.html
Strand 3
1981 – John Holt publishes his book, Teach Your
Own: A Hopeful Path for Education, which causes
homeschooling to begin to increase.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhi
storytimeline.html#1900
1982 – Mastery Teaching, by Madeline C. Hunter,
is published. She proposed a direct instruction
teaching model, and held workshops across the
U.S. to teach teachers how to best accomplish this.
http://www.hope.edu/academic/education/wess
man/2block/unit4/hunter2.htm
1989 – Adobe releases Photoshop.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
Strand 4
1987 – The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. sign the first
comprehensive nuclear arms control treaty.
http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.htm)
Strand 5
1980 - The term Attention Deficit Disorder is
included for the first time in the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM), published by the American
Psychiatric Association (APA).
http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1988 - Technology-Related Assistance for
Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 is
passed. This piece of legislation increases
access to, availability of, and funding for
assistive technology through state and
national initiatives. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1985 – Richard Stallman releases a free
operating system, “GNU”.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
Strand 6
1986 – Space shuttle Challenger exploded 74
seconds after liftoff.
http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/01/198
3-1986-missions-history-space-shuttlechallenger/
1990 - 1999
Strand 1
1995 – Invention of the DVD by a collaboration
between Sony and Philips.
www.miqrogroove.com/writing/history-ofdvd/
1998 – Stem Cells derived from the human
embryo were first isolated.
www.thepeoplehistory.com/1990s.html
Technology is now moving at lighting speed. It’s
as if everyone is racing to be the first to develop
and patent newer, bigger, and better technology
at all times.
Strand 2
1991 – The first economic recession ever strikes
California.
http://www.scaruffi.com/po
litics/20th.html
Strand 3
1990 – Teach for America is formed as a result of
the 1989 undergraduate thesis of Princeton
University student Wendy Koppp.
http://www.teachforamerica.org/ourorganization/our-history
Fourth Wave
Emerging Technologies
Strand 4
1992 – Richard Baily starts his visual-effects
animation company, Image Savant.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
1994 – DirecTV launches the first satellite-based
television service.
http://www.scaruffi.com/po
litics/20th.html
1992 – First charter school in the nation opens in
St. Paul, MN – City Academy High School.
http://www.cityacademy.org
1991 – The Persian Gulf War
http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.html
Strand 5
1990 - Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Becomes Law
The ADA is considered the most important civil
rights law since Title 504 and has cross-disability
support, bringing disability-specific
organizations, advocates, and supporters all
together for the same cause. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
1996 - The Telecommunications Act passes and
requires that computers, telephones, closed
captioning, and many other telecommunication
devices and equipment be made accessible.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
Strand 6
1992 – Jean Armour Polly coins the phrase
“Surfing the Internet”.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
2001 – Artificial liver invented by Dr. Kenneth
Matsumura and Alin
Foundationhttp://inventors.about.com/od/tim
elines/a/ModernInvention.htm
2001 – Apple announces their portable music
digital player the iPod.
http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/M
odernInvention.htm
2003 – Toyota invents the Hybrid Car.
http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/M
odernInvention.htm
2000 - 2009
Strand 2
Strand 3
2008 – The USA stock market collapses,
triggering similar collapses around
the world.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
Strand 4
2000 - Vermont becomes the fourth state to
legally recognize civil unions between gay and
lesbian couples.
www.people.virginia.edu/~cjp/articles/p04.pdf
2009 – Quest to Learn opens in NYC and is the first
school to teach using game-based learning.
http://insideschools.org/middle/browse/school/1
622
2004 - First Disability Pride Parade in Chicago. A
coalition of disability rights advocates and
organizations held the first Disability Pride Parade
which was designed to "change the way people
think about and define disability, to break down
and end the internalized shame among people
with disabilities, and to promote the belief in
society that disability is a natural and beautiful
part of life”. http://www.ncldyouth.info/index.php?id=61
2006 - The first bill requiring that students in a K12 public school system be taught the history of
the disability rights movement is passed, largely
due to the efforts of 20 young people with
disabilities from the state of West Virginia.
http://www.ncld-youth.info/index.php?id=61
2006 – Google acquires YouTube and Walt
Disney acquires Pixar.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
2007 – Apple launches the iPhone.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
2000 – Diane Ravitch publishes Left Back: A
Century of Failed School Reforms. Her book
argues for a more traditional, academic education
that gets back to the basics.
http://www.cloudnet.com/~edrbsass/educationhi
storytimeline.html#190
2001 – No Child Left Behind Act is approved and
signed into law.
http://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/no-child-leftbehind/
2005 – Adobe Acquires Macromedia, notebook
computers account for 53% of the computer
market, Yahoo, Google, America OnLine (AOL)
and MSN are the four biggest Internet portals,
Ebay acquires Skipe.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
Strand 5
Strand 6
2001 – Terrorist attacks on the U.S. – 9/11.
(http://www.pincumbe.com/timetable.htm)
2003 – USA and Britain invade Iraq to remove
Saddam Hussein from power, starting a civil war.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
2007 – There are 12.5 illegal immigrants in the
USA, of which more than half are from Mexico.
http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/20th.html
2010 - 2012
2011
New inventions of 2011 include: fabrics
made from raw milk, a new kind of
photography, an electronic bloodhound, the
world's smallest ink jet printer.
http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/
ModernInvention.htm
Strand 2
Strand 3
21st-century education refers to certain core
competencies such as collaboration, digital
literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving that
advocates believe schools need to teach to help
students thrive in today's world. In a broader
sense, however, the idea of what learning in the
21st century should look like is open to
interpretation—and controversy.
http://www.edweek.org/tsb/articles/2010/10/12/
01panel.h04.html
21st Century for those with Disabilities
…the Nation’s proper goals regarding individuals
with Disabilities are to ensure equality of
Opportunity, full participation, independent
living, and economic self-sufficiency for such
individuals…
Americans with Disabilities Act
http://www.ssab.gov/documents/disabilitysystem-21st.pdf
Strand 4
Strand 5
Strand 6
21st Century Business focuses on building
business through providing an open forum for
today's executives facing a rapidly evolving
global economy.
http://www.21cbtv.com
2010
Governor of Arizona, Jan Brewer(Rep.), signs
into law the country’s toughest immigration
bill designed to identify and deport illegal
immigrants.
http://www.infoplease.com/year/2010.html
After surveying 115,000 active-duty and
reserve service members in a nine-month
study, the Pentagon announces that repealing
the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," law, which forbids
gay and lesbian service members from serving
openly in the military, will not affect the
military's strength
Information Please: 2010
http://www.infoplease.com/year/2010.html#i
xzz2AeqEASBt
2011
Osama bin Laden is dead!
http://www.infoplease.com/year/2011.html#e
nt
Apple founder and CEO, Steve Jobs, dies after
a long battle with cancer.
http://www.infoplease.com/year/2011.html#e
nt
References
Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. New York, NY: Bantam Books