Type 2 Diabetes Wiki Assignment
Wiki Assignment Questions
1. What is the condition you are discussing? We are discussing Type 2 Diabetes (T2D).
2. Write a brief overview of this resource? Diabetes.org represents the American
Diabetic Association (ADA), which funds research to provide objective information for
the prevention and treatment of diabetes. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the
nation’s medical research agency. Under it is the National Library of Medicine (NLM)
which is considered the world’s largest biomedical library. For this project, we utilized
various resources from NCIB1, which is a subdivision of NLM. The National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCIB) provides access to biomedical and genomic
information.
3a. What information does this site provide? These resources provide the most reliable
and latest information regarding genetic research, diagnosis, prevention, medications,
lifestyle changes to prevent complications, and patient education materials.
3b. Was this information useful to you as a healthcare professional? Why/Why not?
These resources are extremely useful not only in understanding the genetic components
of T2D, but also the effects in health and the different treatments available to control the
condition.
3c. How does this sites’ information add to your understanding of this condition?
Through these websites, we learned that T2D is a globally spread, multifactorial disease.
Much research is invested in genetic testing for T2D, but many genes have been linked to
it which complicates its development. Furthermore, it is greatly affected by dietary and
exercise practices.
3d. Who validates this site? In other words, is this a reliable resource? Explain.
Diabetes.org is a reliable resource that is regulated by nearly 16,500 health care
professionals from the ADA. NLM involves experts in medical, scientific, academic,
library, and public policy and is operated by the United States government.
4. How common is this condition? As of 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the
population had diabetes, with T2D accounting for 90-95% of all diagnosed cases. It is on
the rise with 1.7 million new diagnoses per year. T2D is most common in African
Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and in the elderly in the
U.S.
[1]
5. What genes are related to this condition? The genes that are related to Type 2 Diabetes
are ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 (ABCC8), calpain 10
(CAPN10), glucagon receptor (GCGR), glucokinase (GCK), glucose transporter
(GLUT2), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), insulin hormone (INS), insulin
receptor (INSR), potassium channel (KCNJ11), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
regulatory subunit alpha (PIK3R1). [2]
6. How do people inherit this condition? Explain the Mendelian relationship. T2D is a
polygenic disorder, resulting in a complex inheritance pattern based on several genes
interacting with the environment. Generally, if a parent has T2D, the risk of a child
getting it is 1:7 if the parent was diagnosed before age 50 and 1:13 if diagnosed after age
50. Some scientists believe that the child's risk is greater when the mother, rather than the
father, has the condition. If both parents have it, the child's risk is about 1:2. It is the same
case if a parent has the rare form of T2D called maturity-onset diabetes of the young
(MODY). [3]
7. What is the genetic testing for this condition? Genetic testing is not recommended for
clinical risk prediction in adults. Statistics for genetic models provided low sensitivity
and specificity, adding very little to the information provided by clinical risk factors.
However, whole-genome linkage studies may be used to find diabetes susceptibility
genes. The entire genome of affected family members is scanned and studied over several
generations to find associations between parts of the genome and the risk of developing
T2D. To date, only the genes CAPN10 and HNF4A have been identified by this method.
[4]
8. Where can the patient find information on diagnosis and management of it? Or
treatment providers? Healthline.com, WebMD.com and MayoClinic.org are great online
resources that offer thorough and easily understandable information about T2D risk
factors, causes, symptoms, and treatments, among others. They offer an at home risk test,
management techniques, and treatment providers by location. Diabetes.org offers online
information in both English and Spanish. KidsHealth.org is a resource for kids to learn
about the condition if they or a family member are afflicted. Patients can also call 1-800DIABETES if they do not have online access.
9. Is there pharmacogenetic testing (PGx) for this condition and medications? If so,
what? Pharmacogenetics in treating T2D follows the principle of understanding genetic
differences in metabolic pathways. This can affect individual reactions to drugs in
treating diabetic complications, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension. These
medications include Sulphonylureas (SUs), Thiazolidiniones, Biguanides, and
Meglitinides. [5]
10. Where can the patient find additional information about this condition? National
Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC) is a service of the National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), and National Institutes of Health
(NIH). NDIC provides helpful statistics, research, recent publications, and resources for
diagnosis and information about pre-diabetes:
http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/diagnosis/.
11. What other names do people use for this condition? Alternative names for type 2
diabetes include “adult-onset diabetes”, “obesity-related diabetes”, “insulin-resistant
diabetes”, and “noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus” (NIDDM). [6]
12. What if the patient still has specific questions about this condition? Where can they
go to find out more information? The American Diabetes Association (ADA) is a leading
US-based organization for diabetes; the patient can go onDiabetes.org to learn more
specific questions about T2D. Another useful patient education site isDiabetescare.net.
13. Where can the patient find general information about genetic conditions? Disease
Info Search, powered by the Genetic Alliance, is a nonprofit health advocacy
organization that provides access to disease-specific support groups. Genetics Home
Reference presents information gathered from the NLM, the National Institutes of Health
(NIH), and other U.S. Government agencies. MedlinePlus is the NIH’s website available
for the general population.
14. What glossary definitions help with understanding this condition? Glucose- main
blood sugar in the body made from food. Hyperglycemia- high blood glucose, resulting
from an insufficiency or misuse of insulin in the body. Insulin- a hormone that promotes
glucose absorption for energy. Dyslipidemia- Abnormal levels of blood lipid levels that
may lead to atherosclerosis. Hypertension- High blood pressure that may lead to heart
disease or stroke. [7]
15. How can patient find a genetics’ professional in my area? The National Society of
Genetic Counselors offers a search engine that locates genetics specialists in the United
States and Canada: http://nsgc.org/p/cm/ld/fid=164.
16. Where can a patient find information regarding support group for others who have
this condition? The Center for Information and Community Support (CICS) is a support
group that can be reached at 1-800-DIABETES. Additionally, the ADA's Greater New
York office offers a variety of free programs, workshops, and awareness campaigns for
communities with diabetes. It is located on 333 Seventh Avenue 17th Floor New York,
NY, 10001 (Phone#: 212-725-4925).
Footnotes:
[1] American Diabetes Association. (2014). Statistics about Diabetes. In American
Diabetes Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/
[2] Dean, L. and McEntyre J.(2004). Genetic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes. In the Genetic
Landscape of Diabetes (3). Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1665/
[3] American Diabetes Association. (2014). Genetics of Diabetes. In American Diabetes
Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/genetics-ofdiabetes.html?loc=db-slabnav
[4] Lyssenko, V., MD, PHD, & Laakso, M., MD, PHD. (2013). Genetic Screening for the
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Worthless or valuable? Diabetes Care, 36, s120-s126. doi:
10.2337/dcS13-2009
[5] Causevic A., Dujic T., Semiz S. (2013). Pharmacogenetics and personalized treatment
of type 2 diabetes. Biochemia Medica, 23, 154-171. doi: 10.11613/BM.2013.020
[6] American Diabetes Association (2014). Common Terms. In American Diabetes
Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/commonterms/?loc=db-slabnav
[7] American Diabetes Association (2014). Common Terms. In American Diabetes
Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/commonterms/?loc=db-slabnav
References:
American Diabetes Association (2014). Common Terms. In American Diabetes
Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/commonterms/?loc=db-slabnav
American Diabetes Association. (2014). Genetics of Diabetes. In American Diabetes
Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/genetics-ofdiabetes.html?loc=db-slabnav
American Diabetes Association. (2014). Statistics about Diabetes. In American Diabetes
Association. Retrieved from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/
Dean, L. and McEntyre J.(2004). Genetic Factors in Type 2 Diabetes. In the Genetic
Landscape of Diabetes (3). Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1665/
Causevic A., Dujic T., Semiz S. (2013). Pharmacogenetics and personalized treatment of
type 2 diabetes. Biochemia Medica, 23, 154-171. doi: 10.11613/BM.2013.020
Lyssenko, V., MD, PHD, & Laakso, M., MD, PHD. (2013). Genetic Screening for the
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Worthless or valuable? Diabetes Care, 36, s120-s126. doi:
10.2337/dcS13-2009