The Cell Membrane
and
Transport
• Phosphate Head
(Polar):
“Likes Water”
• Lipid Tail
(Non-Polar):
“Does Not Like
Water”
The Plasma Membrane
- S.J. Singer
proposed the Fluid
Mosaic Model to
describe the cell
membrane
The membrane is
semipermeable
(imagine a fence or
screen door)
The phospholipid bilayer
Jobs of the Cell Membrane
• Isolate the cytoplasm from the external
environment
• Regulate the exchange of substances
• Communicate with other cells
• Identification
1. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid
bilayer with embedded proteins.
Phospholipids have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
regions; nonpolar tails (hydrophobic) are directed inward,
polar heads (hydrophilic) are directed outward to face both
extracellular and intracellular fluid
The proteins form a mosaic pattern on the membrane.
Cholesterol - stiffens and strengthens the membrane.
Glycolipids – are protective and assist in various functions.
Glycoproteins - have an attached carbohydrate chain of sugar
that projects externally
Proteins embedded
in membrane serve
different functions
Transport Proteins regulate movement of
substances
Channel Proteins- form small openings for molecules to diffuse
Carrier Proteins- binding site on protein surface "grabs" certain molecules and
pulls them into the cell
Gated Channels - similar to carrier proteins, not always "open"
Receptor Proteins - molecular triggers that set off cell responses (such as release
of hormones or opening of gated-channel proteins), binding site
Recognition Proteins - ID tags, to identify cells to the body's immune system
Enzymatic Proteins – carry out specific reactions
Figure 5.6
Passive Transport (no energy)
Simple Diffusion - water, oxygen
and other molecules move from
areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration, down a
concentration gradient!
*Trying to reach equilibrium: When
dispersion of molecules is equal
throughout.
Facilitated Transport
(Diffusion) - diffusion
that is assisted by
proteins (channel or
carrier proteins)
Simple Diffusion:
Ex. Oxygen &
Carbon
Channel Proteins:
Ex. Water & other
polar molecules
Facilitated
Diffusion: Ex.
Glucose
Steps Involved With A Carrier Protein
Example:
Diffusion within
the body.
*Diffusion is how
oxygen enters our
bloodstream.*
Example of diffusion..
A. Food coloring in water
B. Smelling lunch in other parts
of building
C. Water moving into a dry
sponge.
D. All are diffusion
E. None are diffusion
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Diffusion is passive because
A. Moves from low to high
concentration
B. Reaches equilibrium
C. Does not require energy
D. Does require energy
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Countdown
OSMOSIS
Osmosis - diffusion of WATER from high concentration to low
concentration.
Turgor pressure occurs in plants cells as their central
vacuoles fill with water.
Simple rule of osmosis
H20 moves High
to Low
Concentration!
Figure 5.8a
Within the cell,
there is a higher
concentration of
solute (salt)
This causes water
to be "sucked"
into the tube.
The solution in the
beaker is
HYPOTONIC
Figure 5.8c
Within the cell,
there is a lower
concentration of
solute (salt)
This causes water
to be "sucked" out
into the beaker
The solution in the
beaker is
HYPERTONIC
Figure 5.8b
Isotonic - no net
movement
Hypotonic -When solute
concentration is lower
outside than it is inside
the cell– water moves
into the cell, cell could
burst
Hypertonic - When
solute concentration is
higher outside than it is
inside the cell--water
moves out of the cell, cell
shrinks
Figure 5.9
Passive Transport: requires no energy (diffusion, osmosis)
Active Transport: requires the cell to use energy (ATP)
Sodium-Potassium Pump - pumps out 3
sodiums for every 2 potassium's taken in against
gradient
A huge amount of energy in our bodies is used
to power this pump and prevent sodium from
building up within our cells.
What would happen if you had too much sodium
in your cells?
SODIUM
POTASSIUM
PUMP
Active Transport
- involves moving molecules "uphill" AGAINST the
concentration gradient, which requires energy
Endocytosis - taking substances into the cell
(pinocytosis for water, phagocytosis for solids)
Figure 5.12
Exocytosis: pushing
substances out of the cell, such
as the removal of waste
Figure 5.13ca
Receptor-Mediated
Endocytosis: occurs
when specific receptor
helps substances
across the membrane.
Membrane Permeability  Transport Across Membrane
*Selectively or
Differentially permeable
– some things can cross,
not others
What things can pass?
What cannot pass?
Figure 5.4a
Figure 5.4b
Figure 5.4c
Figure 5.4e
Figure 5.4d
Mini Labs and Demos
1. Place a baggie full of start in a beaker that has iodine (an
indicator for starch). Observe what happens.
2. Create a wet mount of elodea (anacharis) and observe what
happens to the cells when you add salt water.
3. Observe what happens when food coloring is placed in a
beaker of water. How does the process change if the water is
heated first?
*There is an AP Lab on diffusion and osmosis that we will be
doing later.
Figure 5.14bb
Tight Junction
Figure 5.14cb
Gap Junction
Figure 5.14ab
Desmosomes
(anchors)
Pg 99a
Pg 99b
Pg 100
Pg 85
Pg 86