Monday 10/19/15
• AIM: how do the parts of the compound light
microscope work?
• DO NOW: Observe the picture displayed and
label the parts of the compound light
microscope
• HOMEWORK: BRING UPCO BOOK TO CLASS
• Textbook read 582-583.
• Answer the following:
• 1- What is the function of the diaphragm?
• 2- What is a wet mount?
• 3- Explain how to make a wet mount.
How should you carry the
microscope?
Rules of using a microscope
•
•
•
•
•
Always carry with 2 hands
Only use lens paper for cleaning
Do not force knobs
Always store covered
Be careful of the cords
Parts of a microscope
• Eyepiece
Parts of a microscope
• Body tube
Parts of a microscope
• Nosepiece
Parts of a microscope
• Objectives
– Low power (short)
– High power (long)
Parts of a microscope
• Arm
Parts of a microscope
• Stage
Parts of a microscope
• Stage clips
Parts of a microscope
• Diaphragm
Parts of a microscope
• Coarse and fine
adjustment knobs
Parts of a microscope
• Light source
Parts of a microscope
• Base
How to use a microscope
• Place the slide on the stage
• Use stage clips to secure slide
• Adjust nosepiece to lowest setting
– (Lowest = shortest objective)
• Look into eyepiece
• Use coarse focus knob
• https://www.brainpop.com/games/virtuallabs
usingthemicroscope/
Assessment
• Choose two parts give
the number, name and
its function
•
Tuesday
10/21/15
AIM: How do the properties
of the compound light
microscope change when
we change objective lenses?
• DO NOW: Observe the
picture. Give the number
and name the parts that
magnify the image.
• Homework: UPCO read pg
51-52:The Compound Light
Microscope Answer
questions 1-6 on pages 5354
Properties of the microscope
1- Magnification
2- Field of view
3- Resolution
4- Depth of field
5- Orientation
6- Brightness
Important Characteristics of
Microscopes
1. Magnification :
•
•
how many times the image is enlarged
on a compound microscope total
magnification
= mag of ocular X mag of objective used
UPCO pg 55
Magnification of a Dime
Magnification
• Unless you are told otherwise, the
magnification of the ocular lense is always 10X
• Total magnification of an image viewed can be
calculated
• Magnification of the ocular lens x magnification
of the objective lens being used
Total Magnification
• Low power
• Medium power
• High power
Microscope
• How would you
determine total
magnification on this
microscope?
• What is the power of an objective being used
if the total magnification is 150?
Wednesday 10/22/15
• AIM: How does the image look under a compound
light microscope?
• DO NOW: 1-List the six properties of the compound
light microscope.
• 2-Describe each image below. HOMEWORK: UPCO
•
•
•
•
Read pg 53
E. Staining
answer q 1&2
on pg 53
What are the six properties of
the compound light microscope?
Properties of the microscope
1- Magnification
2- Field of view
3- Resolution
4- Depth of field
5- Orientation
6- Brightness
2. Field of view
•
•
the area you can see on the slide
as magnification increases field of
view decreases
What happens to the field of view as
magnification increases?
2- Field of view
Magnification and field of view
• As magnification increases, we are zooming in
on the specimen
• This causes field of view to decrease
• So you see less area but with greater detail.
3. Resolution or Resolving Power
ability to see details
– Ability to determine 2 points as being separate
•
•
depends mainly on magnification,
also depends on proper focusing and
lighting
• As we increase magnification, we increase
resolution
Resolution
Resolution = Sharpness
3- Resolution
4. Depth of field
•
•
thickness of the zone that is in focus
as magnification increases depth of field
decreases
Thursday 10/22/15
• AIM: how do the parts of the microscope help
us to investigate the unseen world?
• DO NOW:
• Homework: Textbook page 583:
• 1-Why would you stain a slide?
• 2- What type of stains are used?
• 3- How do you add stain to a slide?
Properties of the microscope
1- Magnification
2- Field of view
3- Resolution
4- Depth of field
5- Orientation
6- Brightness
5. Brightness
• as magnification increases, brightness
decreases
Adjust the diaphragm as needed
High power needs larger diaphragm opening
Diaphragm or iris diaphragm
• Located underneath the
stage
• Metal disk
• Different sized holes
• Regulates the amount of
light that enters the slide
• Smaller holes= less light
• Larger holes= more light
6. Orientation
position of the image
• compound microscopes flips image upside down and
backwards
• Image moves in the opposite direction as you move it
• If you physically move the slide up it looks like it is moving down
• If you physically move it left it looks like it is moving right
Slide position
Image
In order to center this object, in what
direction should you move the slide?
How can you determine which parts of
an image are on the top of the
specimen.
In order to center this object, in what
direction should you move the slide?
Steps to view a slide
1-Start with the low power objective
2- Adjust diaphragm
3- Use the coarse adjustment to focus the image
4- Make sure the image is centered
5- Switch to the high power objective
6- Adjust diaphragm
7- Use the fine adjustment to focus detail
Searching
Always start your search at low power
because:
• field of view is much larger
• depth of field is thicker
Centering
1. To center an object, move the slide:
in the opposite direction that you
want the image to move in.
2. Always center at low before
switching to high power because:
*If you don’t the object will not be
within high power field of view.
Friday 10/23/15
• AIM: how do we prepare a wet mount slide?
• DO NOW: Why is it important to center an image
before switching from low to high power?
• How should the diaphragm be changed when we
switch from low to high power?
• HOMEWORK: In your own words, explain how the
diaphragm needs to be changed when you switch
from high to low power
How is a prepared slide different
from a wet mount slide?
Wet Mount Image
• What do you notice
about the angle?
• Why is this important?
Making a wet mount slide
•
•
•
•
•
1- Collect sample from a container
2- add the specimen to your slide
3- Diagonally place coverslip over your sample
What angle should you drop the coverslip?
Why do you diagonally drop the coverslip?
Prepared slide = permanent
What do you think about staining?
Unstained Cheek Cells vs.. Stained Cheek Cells
Staining
• Stains are used to highlight specific features
of cell structure
• Some stains may damage or kill the cells
that absorb them.
• Some stains cause changes in the structure
of the cell
• Methylene blue and Lugol’s Iodine Solution
are frequently used to stain cells
How to Add Stain to An
Existing Wet Mount Slide
1. Place a drop of stain on the slide near one end of
the cover slip
2. Place a piece of absorbent paper at the opposite end
of the cover slip
3. The paper will absorb water from underneath the
cover slip and the stain will move under the cover
slip to replace the water.
Adding Stain to Existing Wet Mount
• AIM: what are some of the properties of the
compound light microscope?
• DO NOW: 1- take out your handouts and your tables
from last week
• 2- Explain the difference between the light and
electron microscope
• Homework: Textbook Review pages 582-583.
Explain how you would fix a slide that is unclear. If
the slide is blurry what are you going to do to fix it?
• AIM: How does the image change when I
change objectives of the compound light
microscope?
• DO NOW: 1- Explain what happens to the field
of view and resolution when I switch from
high to low power.
• Homework: Have fun be safe and careful
Microdissection
• Using specialized tools to perform
“microsurgery” on cells, while they are
being observed through a microscope
Can be used to:
•
remove the nucleus from a cell
•
inject materials into a cell
•
reconnect portions of damaged cells
•
reconnect nerves, blood vessels, muscles
and tendons after an injury
• collect eggs from a woman’s ovary
Microdissection
• Zygote & Early Embryo
stage (wheat)
Onion Cells
100x
400x
Stained Onion Cell
Monday 10/6/14
• AIM: What are the different types of
microscopes?
• DO NOW: What is another name for the
ocular lens and what is its function?
• Homework: Textbook read pages 582-583.
Explain the function of the diaphragm.
Explain the proper handling of the microscope
What are some things learned by the
development of the microscope?
• The microscope has allowed us to view things
that we can not see with our naked eye:
– EX: cells, bacteria, virus’, DNA, cell parts, algae,
protozoa, bacteria, fungus
In your notebooks draw the letter K
how you see it and then how it would
be seen under the compound light
microscope
K
The compound light microscope
Types of Microscopes
• Light Microscopes
–Simple or compound
• Electron Microscopes
–Scanning or transmission
• Dissecting Microscopes
Properties of ANY microscope
•
•
•
•
Simple: one magnifying lense
Compound: two magnifying lenses
Monocular: one eyepiece
Binocular: two eyepieces
Simple vs Compound Microscope
Monocular vs Binocular
Development of Microscopes
• Simple light microscopes 
• Compound light microscopes 
•
Compound electron microscopes
• As microscope technology improved new
discoveries were made about cell structure
Electron Microscopes
• Most modern microscopes
• Use a beam of electrons to make the object
extremely bright
• Extremely high magnifications are possible up
to 1,000,000x
• Used to see extremely small details within a
cell, can’t see a complete cell
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam
of electrons
• Creates a 3d image
• Magnify up to 200,000 times
Scanning Electron Microscope
•
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
• Beam of electrons transmits through the
entire specimen
• If electrons can pass through the specimen it
creates a light and dark image
• Thicker parts of the specimen are darker than
thinner parts
• Total magnification is 1,000,000 x
Transmission Electron Microscope
Tuesday 10/7/14
• AIM: How does the compound light
microscope magnify an image?
• DO NOW: In your own words explain the
difference of the image created by an SEM
and a TEM.
• HOMEWORK: Textbook page 382-383 how do
you determine the total magnification of an
image?
Dissecting Microscope
•
•
•
•
•
A simple, binocular, light microscope
Low magnification about 4 X
Does not flip image
Good for seeing 3 dimensional features
Used during dissections and to see fairly
large, opaque (non-transparent) objects
Dissecting Microscope
Light Microscopes
• Use normal visible light to see the object
• Magnification is limited because:
Increases in magnification reduce the
brightness of the image
• Living materials can be observed
• Maximum Mag = 400X – 500x
Which microscope produced these
images?
Picture A
Picture B
Picture C