Unit 4 Vocabulary
Exploration and Expansion
Exploration and Expansion
Vocabulary Words
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Circumnavigate
Conquistadores
Creoles
Encomienda
Joint Stock Company
Mercantilism
Mestizo
Missionaries
Plantations
Privateers
Tariff
Triangular Trade
Circumnavigate
• to go completely around the earth,
especially by water
Conquistadores
• one that conquers; specifically: a leader in
the Spanish conquest of America and
especially of Mexico and Peru in the 16th
century
Creoles
• A person of European descent born in the
West Indies or Spanish America
Encomienda
• In colonial Spanish America, a system by which the
Spanish crown defined the status of the Indian
population in its colonies.
• An encomienda consisted of a grant by the crown of a
specified number of Indians living in a particular area.
The receiver (encomenderos) could exact tribute from
the Indians and was required to protect them and instruct
them in the Christian faith.
• The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in
practice the encomenderos gained control of Indian
lands.
• Though the original intent was to reduce the abuses of
forced labor, in practice it became a form of
enslavement.
Joint Stock Company
• An organization that falls between the
definitions of a partnership and
corporation.
• This type of company issues stock and
allows for secondary market trading;
however, stockholders are liable for
company debts
Mercantilism
• An economic system developing during the
decay of feudalism to unify and increase the
power and especially the monetary wealth of a
nation by a strict governmental regulation of the
entire national economy usually through policies
designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a
favorable balance of trade, the development of
agriculture and manufactures, and the
establishment of foreign trading monopolies
Mestizo
• a person of mixed blood;
• specifically: a person of mixed European
and American Indian ancestry
Missionary
• A person who comes to an area on a religious mission to
convert the indigenous population to some religion other
than the one practiced by that population.
• When European Christians first came to the Americas,
this missionary motive was interwoven with commercial
intentions.
• The Iberian Catholics who dominated in parts of what
became the American South and southwest included
missionaries who worked among American Indians.
• While they were often agents of conquistadores, they
also sincerely believed that if they did not convert the
"heathen" or "savages," these "creatures of God" would
be lost and would suffer eternally in puragatory.
Plantation
• A large estate ran by an owner or overseer
and worked by laborers who lived there.
Privateer
• a ship privately owned and crewed but
authorized by a government during
wartime to attack and capture enemy
vessels.
Tariff
• A list or system of duties imposed by a
government on imported or exported
goods
Triangular Trade
• At least two overlapping patterns of transAtlantic trade developed in the colonial era
whereby profits from rum and other American
and British manufactured goods were sold on
the west coast of Africa and the profits from
these sales financed the purchase of
enslaved Africans.
• These slaves were then taken to the Americas,
where their sale in turn paid for the shipment of
sugar, molasses, and other New World raw
materials which was returned to the point of
origin for the manufactured products
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Monarchs of Europe
Monarchs of Europe
Vocabulary Words
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Absolute Monarch
Armada
Balance of Power
Commonwealth
Divine Right of Kings
Dissenters
Habeas Corpus
Limited Monarchy
Westernization
Absolute Monarch
• Rule by one person, a king or a queen,
whose actions are restricted neither by
written law nor by custom
Armada
• A fleet of warships
Balance of Power
• In international relations, an equilibrium of
power sufficient to discourage or prevent
one nation or party from imposing its will
on or interfering with the interests of
another
Commonwealth
• Free association of sovereign states who
have chosen to maintain ties of friendship
and cooperation
Divine Right of Kings
• The doctrine that monarchs derive their
right to rule directly from God and are
accountable only to God.
Dissenters
• One who refuses to accept the doctrines
or usages of an established or a national
church, especially a Protestant who
dissents from the Church of England.
Habeas Corpus
A writ that may be issued to bring a party
before a court or judge, having as its
function the release of the party from
unlawful restraint.
Limited Monarchy
• A monarchy in which the powers of the
ruler are restricted.
Westernization
• Adoption of western ideas, technology,
and culture
Unit 4 Vocabulary
US Constitution
US Constitution
• A plan of government, often written, that
details the rules, functions, institutions,
and principles of that government
US Constitution
The US Constitution consists of a preamble,
seven articles, and twenty-seven
amendments.
The US Constitution was primarily written by
Governeur Morris.
The US Constitution was written between
May 25 – Sep 17, 1787.
Preamble of the Constitution
We the people of the United States in order to
create a more perfect union, establish justice,
ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves
and our posterity do ordain and establish this
constitution for the United States of America.
Articles of the Constitution
Article 1: Establish and empower the Legislative branch
Article 2: Establish and empower the Executive branch
Article 3: Establish and empower the Judicial Branch
Article 4: Relations between the states
Article 5: Changing and amending the constitution
Article 6: a. Debts
b. National Supremacy Clause
c. Oaths
Article 7: Ratification
Amendments of the
Constitution
The first ten amendments of the US
Constitution are collectively known
as the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
1st Amendment - Freedom of Expression
a) Freedom of Speech
b) Freedom of Religion
c) Freedom of the Press
d) Right to Assemble
e) Right to seek Redress for Grievances
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
2nd Amendment - Right to Keep and
Bear Arms
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
rd
3
Amendment - Ban on
Quartering of Troops in Private
Residences
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
4th Amendment - Right to Privacy
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
5th Amendment - Rights of the Accused
a) Must be indicted
b) Ban on Double Jeopardy
c) May not be forced to testify
against oneself
d) Guaranteed Due-Process
e) Right to eminent domain
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
6th Amendment - Rights of the Defendant in
a Criminal Trial
a) Speedy and public trial by jury in the
district where the crime was committed
b) Be told of all crimes
c) Right to cross-examine all witnesses
d) Right to compel witnesses
e) Right to counsel
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
7th Amendment - Rights of the Defendant in
a Civil Trial
a) Right to a trial by jury
b) Right to not be retried
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
8th Amendment - Ban on Cruel and Unusual
Punishment and on Excessive Bail
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
9th Amendment - Unremunerated or
Unwritten rights
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
10th Amendment - Reserved Powers
Clause
Other Constitutional Amendments
Civil War Amendments
13th Amendment - Freed Slaves
14th Amendment - Made former slaves
citizens of the US
15th Amendment – Guaranteed former male
slaves the right to vote
Other Constitutional Amendments
Progressive Movement Amendments
16th Amendment – Allowed Income Tax
17th Amendment – Allowed for the Direct
election of Senators
18th Amendment – Established Prohibition
19th Amendment – Allowed Women
Suffrage
Other Constitutional Amendments
21st Amendment - Repealed Prohibition
22nd Amendment - Presidential Term
Limitations
23rd Amendment – Banned Poll Taxes
25th Amendment – Presidential Succession
26th Amendment – 18 year old suffrage