•It provides support (framework) to which soft tissues
attach & gives our body shape.
* It creates movement where the muscles pull on the
bones.
* It protects vital organs. Eg. The ribs protect the lungs &
heart.
* Blood cell formation. Long bones contain bone marrow
which produces new red blood cells.
* It stores minerals, such as calcium and phosphurus
stored in the form of collagen.
spongy bone
Proximal
compact bone
epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis
hyaline cartilage
periosteum
* DEVELOPING BONES: A baby’s bones contain cartilage. It is more
flexible and tends to flex without breaking. As a child grows the cartilage
turns to bone. The periosteum lays down new bone cells on the outside of
the bone. Bone cells are constantly being replaced. During growth spurts
form formation occurs faster than bone loss. During adulthood rate of
growth and loss are similar. During old age bones become brittle and dont
re-form as effectively.
*EXERCISE & BONES: Exercise plays a critical role in achieving PEAK
BONE MASS during childhood and adolescent years. During these years,
activities that are weight bearing and high impact are the most beneficial
in helping the bones being thicker and stronger. This helps reduce the
risk of bone fractures and osteoporosis later in life. Resistance training is
also beneficial. Peak Bone Mass is attained at about 30yrs of age and
without regular exercise can decline as you get older.
* Long Bones- Longer in shape than they are wide. Light but strong.Have
a hollow shaft containing yellow bone marrow, ends of bone contain red
marrow
Eg. Femur, Radius, Humerus.
*Short Bones- Chunky, compact bones. Strong and think. Same width &
length. Contain spongy bone Eg. Phalanges (fingers/toes), carpals
(wrist) & tarsals (ankle).
*Flat Bones- Provide flat areas for attachment of muscles. Protect organs.
Two strong layers of compact bone joined by layer of spongy bone.
Eg. Scapula, Ribs (protect heart & lungs), Skull (protects
brain).
*Irregular Bones- No regular shape characteristics. Made of thin layer of
compact bone containing a mass of spongy bone.
Eg. Vertebrae
(spinal cord), Pelvis.
* Sesamoid Bones- Small bones developed in tendons around some
joints.
Eg. Patella (kneecap).
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertberae (5)
Sacrum (5)
Coccyx (4)
Each vertebra has a hollow centre
for the Spinal cord to travel thru.
As they descend down the spine,
they increase in size to support the
body.
Movement between each vertebra is
minimal, but as a whole it is slightly
flexible.
Cervical Vertebrae
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)
Sacrum & Coccyx
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
The Upper Limb
(Forelimb)
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Pelvis (lateral view)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Pubis
Ischium
The Lower Limb
(Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
phalangies
metatarsals
tarsals
tarsals
metatarsals
phalangies
Immovable Joints
suture
pubis symphisis
Slightly Movable Joint
freely moveable
pelvis
ligaments
femur
joint
capsule
pelvis
hyaline
cartilage
synovial
cavity
femur
Synovial Joint Movement
Extension
Flexion
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit; bones
become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking
Osteoporosis
29
40
84
92
Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate
mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the
bones, excessive and abnormal bone
remodeling
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction
SKELETAL QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the importance of the skeletal system.
Provide details of the functions of this system.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Discuss how particular bones are used for protective
purposes. Choose a bone and organ to explain your answer.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
SKELETAL QUESTIONS
2. Name the five types of bone and give an example of each.
1) ___________________________
_____________________________
2) ___________________________
_____________________________
3) ___________________________
_____________________________
4) ___________________________
_____________________________
5) ___________________________
_____________________________
SKELETAL QUESTIONS
3. What is meant by “Peak Bone Mass” and how is it
achieved?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
4. What is the difference between the Axial and Appendicular
skeletons?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
SKELETAL QUESTIONS
5. Give the common name for each of the following bones
Patella
Tibia
Clavicle
Phalanges
Sternum
Humerus
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Femur
Carpals
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
SKELETAL QUESTIONS
6. True or false
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
________
The femur is the longest bone in the body
The vertebrae is an irregular shaped bone
The spine is the longest bone in the body
The cranium is made up of plates of bone that fuse together
Toes and fingers are both called phalanges
Slightly moveable joints allow movement in all directions
An example of a freely moveable joint is the lumbar vertebrae
The carpals are in both the ankle and wrist
Flat bones are generally used for protection of internal organs
The periosteum is the outer layer of a bone
Spongy bone has a honeycomb appearance
Spongy bone is heavy
The scientific name of the kneecap is the radius
The breast bone, or sternum, protects the heart and lungs
The skeleton gives the muscles a structure to attach to
Compact bone is strong and dense and hard.
________ The clavicle (collar bone) is the most frequently broken bone